sustained Who acts: She, players, class, Food, rain, bridge · What happens: sustain, mean, keep, go, stop, be · To what, where: effort, injury, something, weight, broken arm, fall · Speech: someone speaks here
«sustained» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sustained in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Sustained means kept going for a long time without stopping: sustained effort.
nsubj ccomp xcomp case det amod obl mark advcl punct parataxis obj punct root Sustained VERB means VERB kept VERB going VERB for ADP a DET long ADJ time NOUN without SCONJ stopping VERB : PUNCT sustained VERB effort NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sustained sustain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 kept keep VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 means ccomp 4 going go VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 kept xcomp 5 for for ADP _ 8 time case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 time det 7 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 8 time amod 8 time time NOUN Number=Sing 4 going obl 9 without without SCONJ _ 10 stopping mark 10 stopping stop VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 going advcl 11 : : PUNCT _ 12 sustained punct 12 sustained sustain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 means parataxis 13 effort effort NOUN Number=Sing 12 sustained obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain participle vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 keep participle tree rules 4 go gerund time vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 5 stop gerund vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 6 sustain participle effort vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent effort=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
To have sustained an injury is to have been hurt.
mark aux det nsubj:pass cop mark aux aux:pass advcl punct root To PART have AUX sustained VERB an DET injury NOUN is AUX to PART have AUX been AUX hurt VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 3 sustained mark 2 have have AUX VerbForm=Inf 3 sustained aux 3 sustained sustain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 injury det 5 injury injury NOUN Number=Sing 10 hurt nsubj:pass 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 hurt cop 7 to to PART _ 10 hurt mark 8 have have AUX VerbForm=Inf 10 hurt aux 9 been be AUX Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 10 hurt aux:pass 10 hurt hurt VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 sustained advcl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 sustained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain to-infinitive · perfect vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent 2 is present · perfect · passive a injury hurt property tree rules
Meaning 3 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
To sustain something is to keep it alive or going, or to hold up its weight.
The tree, 16 words mark advcl obj cop mark obj xcomp cc conj punct cc mark conj compound:prt nmod:poss obj punct root To PART sustain VERB something PRON is AUX to PART keep VERB it PRON alive ADJ or CCONJ going VERB , PUNCT or CCONJ to PART hold VERB up ADP its PRON weight NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sustain mark 2 sustain sustain VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 keep advcl 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 sustain obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 keep cop 5 to to PART _ 6 keep mark 6 keep keep VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 keep obj 8 alive alive ADJ Degree=Pos 6 keep xcomp 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 going cc 10 going go VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 alive conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 14 hold punct 12 or or CCONJ _ 14 hold cc 13 to to PART _ 14 hold mark 14 hold hold VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 6 keep conj 15 up up ADP _ 14 hold compound:prt 16 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 17 weight nmod:poss 17 weight weight NOUN Number=Sing 14 hold obj 18 . . PUNCT _ 6 keep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain to-infinitive something vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent something=Theme 2 is present alive, keep property tree rules 3 go gerund vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 hold up to-infinitive its weight vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot weight=Theme
Example 1 She sustained a broken arm in the fall.
nsubj det amod obj case det obl punct root She PRON sustained VERB a DET broken VERB arm NOUN in ADP the DET fall NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 sustained nsubj 2 sustained sustain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 arm det 4 broken break VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 arm amod 5 arm arm NOUN Number=Sing 2 sustained obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 fall case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 fall det 8 fall fall NOUN Number=Sing 2 sustained obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 sustained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain past She a broken arm the fall vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent arm=Theme 2 break participle vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
Example 2 The players sustained minor injuries.
det nsubj amod obj punct root The DET players NOUN sustained VERB minor ADJ injuries NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 players det 2 players player NOUN Number=Plur 3 sustained nsubj 3 sustained sustain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 minor minor ADJ Degree=Pos 5 injuries amod 5 injuries injury NOUN Number=Plur 3 sustained obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 sustained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain past the players minor injuries vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent injury=Theme
Example 3 The class showed sustained effort all term.
det nsubj amod obj det obl:unmarked punct root The DET class NOUN showed VERB sustained VERB effort NOUN all DET term NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 class det 2 class class NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed nsubj 3 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 sustained sustain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 effort amod 5 effort effort NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed obj 6 all all DET PronType=Tot 7 term det 7 term term NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed obl:unmarked 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 showed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show past the class sustained effort all term obl:unmarked vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent effort=Recipient 2 sustain participle vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent
Example 4 Food and water sustained them on the trip.
nsubj cc conj obj case det obl punct root Food NOUN and CCONJ water NOUN sustained VERB them PRON on ADP the DET trip NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Food food NOUN Number=Sing 4 sustained nsubj 2 and and CCONJ _ 3 water cc 3 water water NOUN Number=Sing 1 Food conj 4 sustained sustain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 sustained obj 6 on on ADP _ 8 trip case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 trip det 8 trip trip NOUN Number=Sing 4 sustained obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 sustained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain past Food and water them = they the trip vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent they=Theme
Example 5 The rain was heavy and sustained.
det nsubj cop cc conj punct root The DET rain NOUN was AUX heavy ADJ and CCONJ sustained VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 rain det 2 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 4 heavy nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 heavy cop 4 heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 sustained cc 6 sustained sustain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 heavy conj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 heavy punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the rain heavy property tree rules 2 sustain participle the rain not said here vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent
Example 6 The bridge sustained no damage in the storm.
det nsubj det obj case det nmod punct root The DET bridge NOUN sustained VERB no DET damage NOUN in ADP the DET storm NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 bridge det 2 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 3 sustained nsubj 3 sustained sustain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 no no DET PronType=Neg 5 damage det 5 damage damage NOUN Number=Sing 3 sustained obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 storm case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 storm det 8 storm storm NOUN Number=Sing 5 damage nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 sustained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain past the bridge no damage the storm vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent damage=Theme
Example 7 We did ten minutes of sustained silent reading.
nsubj nummod obj case amod amod nmod punct root We PRON did VERB ten NUM minutes NOUN of ADP sustained VERB silent ADJ reading NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 did nsubj 2 did do VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 ten ten NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 4 minutes nummod 4 minutes minute NOUN Number=Plur 2 did obj 5 of of ADP _ 8 reading case 6 sustained sustain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 8 reading amod 7 silent silent ADJ Degree=Pos 8 reading amod 8 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 4 minutes nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 did punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 do past We minute vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 sustain participle vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent
Example 8 Sustained wind of 100 km/h blew down the fence.
amod nsubj case nummod nmod case det obl punct root Sustained VERB wind NOUN of ADP 100 NUM km/h NOUN blew VERB down ADP the DET fence NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sustained sustain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 wind amod 2 wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 6 blew nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 km/h case 4 100 100 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 km/h nummod 5 km/h km/h NOUN Number=Sing 2 wind nmod 6 blew blow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 down down ADP _ 9 fence case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 fence det 9 fence fence NOUN Number=Sing 6 blew obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 blew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sustain participle vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent 2 blow down past Sustained wind of 100 km/h the fence vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent fence=Patient 3 wind 100 km/h nom wind «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient
Example 9 The flower in its color of flame seemed to receive its nourishment from the water, as a lamp is sustained by oil.
The tree, 22 words det nsubj case nmod:poss nmod case nmod mark xcomp nmod:poss obj case det obl punct mark det nsubj aux:pass conj case obl punct root The DET flower NOUN in ADP its PRON color NOUN of ADP flame NOUN seemed VERB to PART receive VERB its PRON nourishment NOUN from ADP the DET water NOUN , PUNCT as SCONJ a DET lamp NOUN is AUX sustained VERB by ADP oil NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 flower det 2 flower flower NOUN Number=Sing 8 seemed nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 5 color case 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 color nmod:poss 5 color color NOUN Number=Sing 2 flower nmod 6 of of ADP _ 7 flame case 7 flame flame NOUN Number=Sing 5 color nmod 8 seemed seem VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 to to PART _ 10 receive mark 10 receive receive VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 seemed xcomp 11 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 12 nourishment nmod:poss 12 nourishment nourishment NOUN Number=Sing 10 receive obj 13 from from ADP _ 15 water case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 water det 15 water water NOUN Number=Sing 10 receive obl 16 , , PUNCT _ 21 sustained punct 17 as as SCONJ _ 21 sustained mark 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 lamp det 19 lamp lamp NOUN Number=Sing 21 sustained nsubj 20 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 21 sustained aux:pass 21 sustained sustain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 8 seemed conj 22 by by ADP _ 23 oil case 23 oil oil NOUN Number=Sing 21 sustained obl 24 . . PUNCT _ 8 seemed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 seem past the flower in flower's color of flame vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute 2 receive to-infinitive the flower in flower's color of flame not said here flower's nourishment the water vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent nourishment=Theme from water=Source 3 sustain present · passive a lamp by oil vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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