swarm Who acts: swarm, big group, large crowd, place, beach, Locust swarms · What happens: be, fly, move together, swarm, fly out, eat · To what, where: big group, large crowd, large busy group, bees, hive, tree
«swarm» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: swarm in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A swarm is a big group of insects, such as bees, wasps or locusts, flying together.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj cop det amod case nmod punct case fixed conj punct conj cc conj punct acl advmod punct root A DET swarm NOUN is AUX a DET big ADJ group NOUN of ADP insects NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP bees NOUN , PUNCT wasps NOUN or CCONJ locusts NOUN , PUNCT flying VERB together ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 swarm det 2 swarm swarm NOUN Number=Sing 6 group nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 group cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 group det 5 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 6 group amod 6 group group NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 8 insects case 8 insects insect NOUN Number=Plur 6 group nmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 bees punct 10 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 12 bees case 11 as as ADP _ 10 such fixed 12 bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 8 insects conj 13 , , PUNCT _ 14 wasps punct 14 wasps wasp NOUN Number=Plur 8 insects conj 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 locusts cc 16 locusts locust NOUN Number=Plur 14 wasps conj 17 , , PUNCT _ 18 flying punct 18 flying fly VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 group acl 19 together together ADV _ 18 flying advmod 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 group punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a swarm a big group of insects and bees and wasps or locusts tree rules 2 fly gerund a big group not said here together property vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A swarm of people is a large crowd moving together.
det nsubj case nmod cop det amod acl advmod punct root A DET swarm NOUN of ADP people NOUN is AUX a DET large ADJ crowd NOUN moving VERB together ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 swarm det 2 swarm swarm NOUN Number=Sing 8 crowd nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 people case 4 people people NOUN Number=Plur 2 swarm nmod 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 crowd cop 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 crowd det 7 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 8 crowd amod 8 crowd crowd NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 moving move VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 crowd acl 10 together together ADV _ 9 moving advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 8 crowd punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a swarm of people a large crowd tree rules 2 move together gerund a large crowd not said here together property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
Meaning 3 To swarm is to move in a large, busy group: bees swarmed around the hive.
The tree, 15 words mark csubj cop mark case det amod punct amod obl punct nmod acl case det obl punct root To PART swarm VERB is AUX to PART move VERB in ADP a DET large ADJ , PUNCT busy ADJ group NOUN : PUNCT bees NOUN swarmed VERB around ADP the DET hive NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 swarm mark 2 swarm swarm VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 move csubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 move cop 4 to to PART _ 5 move mark 5 move move VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 in in ADP _ 11 group case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 group det 8 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 11 group amod 9 , , PUNCT _ 8 large punct 10 busy busy ADJ Degree=Pos 11 group amod 11 group group NOUN Number=Sing 5 move obl 12 : : PUNCT _ 13 bees punct 13 bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 11 group nmod 14 swarmed swarm VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 13 bees acl 15 around around ADP _ 17 hive case 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 hive det 17 hive hive NOUN Number=Sing 14 swarmed obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 move punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swarm to-infinitive vn swarm-47.5.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme 2 is present a large busy group bees move property tree rules 3 swarm participle bees not said here the hive vn swarm-47.5.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around hive=Location
Meaning 4 A place swarming with something is full of it: the beach was swarming with tourists.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj acl case obl cop case obl punct det nsubj aux advcl case obl punct root A DET place NOUN swarming VERB with ADP something PRON is AUX full ADJ of ADP it PRON : PUNCT the DET beach NOUN was AUX swarming VERB with ADP tourists NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 place det 2 place place NOUN Number=Sing 7 full nsubj 3 swarming swarm VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 place acl 4 with with ADP _ 5 something case 5 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 3 swarming obl 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 full cop 7 full full ADJ Degree=Pos root root 8 of of ADP _ 9 it case 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 full obl 10 : : PUNCT _ 14 swarming punct 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 beach det 12 beach beach NOUN Number=Sing 14 swarming nsubj 13 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 14 swarming aux 14 swarming swarm VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 7 full advcl 15 with with ADP _ 16 tourists case 16 tourists tourist NOUN Number=Plur 14 swarming obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 7 full punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swarm gerund a place not said here with something vn swarm-47.5.1-1 «PP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with something=Theme 2 is present a place of it; full property tree rules 3 swarm past · progressive the beach with tourists vn swarm-47.5.1-1 «PP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with tourist=Theme
Example 1 A swarm of bees flew out of the tree.
det nsubj case nmod case case det obl punct root A DET swarm NOUN of ADP bees NOUN flew VERB out ADP of ADP the DET tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 swarm det 2 swarm swarm NOUN Number=Sing 5 flew nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 bees case 4 bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 2 swarm nmod 5 flew fly VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 out out ADP _ 9 tree case 7 of of ADP _ 9 tree case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 tree det 9 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 5 flew obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 flew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly out past a swarm of bees the tree vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location tree=Theme
Example 2 Locust swarms can eat a whole field of crops.
compound nsubj aux det amod obj case nmod punct root Locust PROPN swarms NOUN can AUX eat VERB a DET whole ADJ field NOUN of ADP crops NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Locust Locust PROPN Number=Sing 2 swarms compound 2 swarms swarm NOUN Number=Plur 4 eat nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 eat aux 4 eat eat VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 field det 6 whole whole ADJ Degree=Pos 7 field amod 7 field field NOUN Number=Sing 4 eat obj 8 of of ADP _ 9 crops case 9 crops crop NOUN Number=Plur 7 field nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 eat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat can Locust swarms a whole field of crops vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent field=Patient
Example 3 Fans swarmed onto the pitch after the match.
acl case det obl case det obl punct root Fans NOUN swarmed VERB onto ADP the DET pitch NOUN after ADP the DET match NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Fans fan NOUN Number=Plur root root 2 swarmed swarm VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 1 Fans acl 3 onto onto ADP _ 5 pitch case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 pitch det 5 pitch pitch NOUN Number=Sing 2 swarmed obl 6 after after ADP _ 8 match case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 match det 8 match match NOUN Number=Sing 2 swarmed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Fans punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swarm participle Fans not said here the pitch after the match vn swarm-47.5.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme
Example 4 The park was swarming with children.
det nsubj aux case obl punct root The DET park NOUN was AUX swarming VERB with ADP children NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 park det 2 park park NOUN Number=Sing 4 swarming nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 swarming aux 4 swarming swarm VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 with with ADP _ 6 children case 6 children child NOUN Number=Plur 4 swarming obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 swarming punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swarm past · progressive the park with children vn swarm-47.5.1-1 «PP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with child=Theme
Example 5 If you see a swarm of wasps, walk away calmly.
mark nsubj advcl det obj case nmod punct advmod advmod punct root If SCONJ you PRON see VERB a DET swarm NOUN of ADP wasps NOUN , PUNCT walk VERB away ADV calmly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 If if SCONJ _ 3 see mark 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 see nsubj 3 see see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 walk advcl 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 swarm det 5 swarm swarm NOUN Number=Sing 3 see obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 wasps case 7 wasps wasp NOUN Number=Plur 5 swarm nmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 3 see punct 9 walk walk VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 10 away away ADV _ 9 walk advmod 11 calmly calmly ADV _ 9 walk advmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 9 walk punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see a condition, not said to happen present you a swarm of wasps vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer swarm=Stimulus 2 walk away imperative you not said here away, calmly property vn resign-10.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 Flies swarmed around the bin.
acl case det obl punct root Flies NOUN swarmed VERB around ADP the DET bin NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Flies fly NOUN Number=Plur root root 2 swarmed swarm VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 1 Flies acl 3 around around ADP _ 5 bin case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 bin det 5 bin bin NOUN Number=Sing 2 swarmed obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 1 Flies punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swarm participle Flies not said here the bin vn swarm-47.5.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around bin=Location
Example 7 A swarm can hold thousands of bees.
det nsubj aux obj case nmod punct root A DET swarm NOUN can AUX hold VERB thousands NOUN of ADP bees NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 swarm det 2 swarm swarm NOUN Number=Sing 4 hold nsubj 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 hold aux 4 hold hold VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 thousands thousand NOUN Number=Plur 4 hold obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 bees case 7 bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 5 thousands nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 hold punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold can a swarm thousands of bees vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thousand=Theme
Example 8 A swarm of hungry blood-sucking flies settled upon him.
det nsubj case amod compound punct amod nmod case obl punct root A DET swarm NOUN of ADP hungry ADJ blood NOUN - PUNCT sucking VERB flies NOUN settled VERB upon ADP him PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 swarm det 2 swarm swarm NOUN Number=Sing 9 settled nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 8 flies case 4 hungry hungry ADJ Degree=Pos 8 flies amod 5 blood blood NOUN Number=Sing 7 sucking compound 6 - - PUNCT _ 5 blood punct 7 sucking suck VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 flies amod 8 flies fly NOUN Number=Plur 2 swarm nmod 9 settled settle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 10 upon upon ADP _ 11 him case 11 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 settled obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 9 settled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 suck gerund vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 settle past a swarm of hungry sucking flies upon him = he vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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