swear Who acts: serious promise, you, He, I, witness, knights · What happens: swear, be, say, promise, do, not swear · To what, where: something, someone, job, class, last biscuit, you · Speech: someone speaks here
«swear» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: swear in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To swear is to use rude or bad words.
mark csubj cop mark amod cc conj obj punct root To PART swear VERB is AUX to PART use VERB rude ADJ or CCONJ bad ADJ words NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 swear mark 2 swear swear VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 use csubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 use cop 4 to to PART _ 5 use mark 5 use use VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 rude rude ADJ Degree=Pos 9 words amod 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 bad cc 8 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 6 rude conj 9 words word NOUN Number=Plur 5 use obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 use punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear to-infinitive vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is present use property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To swear is also to make a serious promise or say something is really true.
The tree, 15 words mark advcl cop advmod mark det amod nsubj cc acl obj cop advmod ccomp punct root To PART swear VERB is AUX also ADV to PART make VERB a DET serious ADJ promise NOUN or CCONJ say VERB something PRON is AUX really ADV true ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 swear mark 2 swear swear VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make advcl 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 make cop 4 also also ADV _ 6 make advmod 5 to to PART _ 6 make mark 6 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 promise det 8 serious serious ADJ Degree=Pos 9 promise amod 9 promise promise NOUN Number=Sing 15 true nsubj 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 say cc 11 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 promise acl 12 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 11 say obj 13 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 true cop 14 really really ADV _ 15 true advmod 15 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 6 make ccomp 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear to-infinitive vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is present make property tree rules 3 say speech: assert infinitive a serious promise not said here something vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent something=Topic 4 is present a serious promise true property tree rules
Meaning 3 To swear someone in is to make them promise to do a job honestly, like a judge or president.
The tree, 19 words mark advcl obj obl cop mark obj xcomp mark xcomp det obj advmod punct case det parataxis cc conj punct root To PART swear VERB someone PRON in ADP is AUX to PART make VERB them PRON promise VERB to PART do VERB a DET job NOUN honestly ADV , PUNCT like ADP a DET judge NOUN or CCONJ president NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 swear mark 2 swear swear VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 make advcl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 swear obj 4 in in ADP _ 2 swear obl 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 make cop 6 to to PART _ 7 make mark 7 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 8 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 make obj 9 promise promise VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 make xcomp 10 to to PART _ 11 do mark 11 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 promise xcomp 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 job det 13 job job NOUN Number=Sing 11 do obj 14 honestly honestly ADV _ 11 do advmod 15 , , PUNCT _ 18 judge punct 16 like like ADP _ 18 judge case 17 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 judge det 18 judge judge NOUN Number=Sing 11 do parataxis 19 or or CCONJ _ 20 president cc 20 president president NOUN Number=Sing 18 judge conj 21 . . PUNCT _ 7 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear to-infinitive someone vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent someone=Eventuality 2 is present make property tree rules 3 promise speech: promise infinitive vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 4 do not said to happen to-infinitive a job honestly property vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Eventuality
Example 1 Please don't swear in class.
discourse aux advmod case obl punct root Please INTJ do AUX n't PART swear VERB in ADP class NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Please please INTJ _ 4 swear discourse 2 do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 4 swear aux 3 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 4 swear advmod 4 swear swear VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 5 in in ADP _ 6 class case 6 class class NOUN Number=Sing 4 swear obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 swear punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not swear imperative · do-support you not said here class vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Example 2 He swore he had not eaten the last biscuit.
nsubj nsubj aux advmod ccomp det amod obj punct root He PRON swore VERB he PRON had AUX not PART eaten VERB the DET last ADJ biscuit NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 swore nsubj 2 swore swear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 eaten nsubj 4 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 eaten aux 5 not not PART Polarity=Neg 6 eaten advmod 6 eaten eat VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 2 swore ccomp 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 biscuit det 8 last last ADJ Degree=Pos 9 biscuit amod 9 biscuit biscuit NOUN Number=Sing 6 eaten obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 swore punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear past He vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 not eat past · perfect he the last biscuit vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent biscuit=Patient
Example 3 I swear I will help you tomorrow.
nsubj nsubj aux ccomp obj obl:unmarked punct root I PRON swear VERB I PRON will AUX help VERB you PRON tomorrow NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 swear nsubj 2 swear swear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 help nsubj 4 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 help aux 5 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 swear ccomp 6 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 5 help obj 7 tomorrow tomorrow NOUN Number=Sing 5 help obl:unmarked 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 swear punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear present I vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 help future I you tomorrow vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Beneficiary
Example 4 The witness swore to tell the truth.
det nsubj mark xcomp det obj punct root The DET witness NOUN swore VERB to PART tell VERB the DET truth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 witness det 2 witness witness NOUN Number=Sing 3 swore nsubj 3 swore swear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 tell mark 5 tell tell VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 swore xcomp 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 truth det 7 truth truth NOUN Number=Sing 5 tell obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 swore punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear past the witness vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 tell speech: assert to-infinitive the witness not said here the truth vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient
Example 5 The new mayor was sworn in today.
det amod nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root The DET new ADJ mayor NOUN was AUX sworn VERB in ADP today NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 mayor det 2 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 3 mayor amod 3 mayor mayor NOUN Number=Sing 5 sworn nsubj:pass 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 sworn aux:pass 5 sworn swear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 in in ADP _ 7 today case 7 today today NOUN Number=Sing 5 sworn obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 sworn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear past · passive the new mayor today vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Eventuality
Example 6 The knights swore to protect the king.
det nsubj mark xcomp det obj punct root The DET knights NOUN swore VERB to PART protect VERB the DET king NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 knights det 2 knights knight NOUN Number=Plur 3 swore nsubj 3 swore swear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 protect mark 5 protect protect VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 swore xcomp 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 king det 7 king king NOUN Number=Sing 5 protect obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 swore punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear past the knights vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 protect to-infinitive the knights not said here the king vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent king=Beneficiary
Example 7 Some films have swear words in them.
det nsubj compound obj case nmod punct root Some DET films NOUN have VERB swear NOUN words NOUN in ADP them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 2 films det 2 films film NOUN Number=Plur 3 have nsubj 3 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 swear swear NOUN Number=Sing 5 words compound 5 words word NOUN Number=Plur 3 have obj 6 in in ADP _ 7 them case 7 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 words nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present some films swear words in words = word vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient
Example 8 The two cats are sworn enemies.
det nummod nsubj cop amod punct root The DET two NUM cats NOUN are AUX sworn VERB enemies NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 cats det 2 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 3 cats nummod 3 cats cat NOUN Number=Plur 6 enemies nsubj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 enemies cop 5 sworn swear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 enemies amod 6 enemies enemy NOUN Number=Plur root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 enemies punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear participle vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is a present the two cats sworn enemies tree rules
Example 9 “I swear to you I did not do it!”
punct nsubj case obl nsubj aux advmod ccomp obj punct punct root “ PUNCT I PRON swear VERB to ADP you PRON I PRON did AUX not PART do VERB it PRON ! PUNCT ” PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 3 swear punct 2 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 swear nsubj 3 swear swear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to ADP _ 5 you case 5 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 swear obl 6 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 do nsubj 7 did do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 do aux 8 not not PART Polarity=Neg 9 do advmod 9 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 swear ccomp 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 do obj 11 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 swear punct 12 ” " PUNCT _ 3 swear punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swear in a quote present I you vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 not do in a quote past · do-support I it vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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