tarnish Who acts: metal, someone, Tarnish, dull dark layer, silver spoons, We · What happens: be, lose, get, tarnish, think, name · To what, where: shine, name, dull dark layer, metal, tarnished pennies, brass doorknob
«tarnish» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: tarnish in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To tarnish is when metal like silver, brass or copper loses its shine and gets dull or dark, because of the air.
The tree, 22 words mark cop mark nsubj case nmod punct conj cc conj advcl nmod:poss obj cc conj xcomp cc conj punct case fixed det obl punct root To PART tarnish VERB is AUX when SCONJ metal NOUN like ADP silver NOUN , PUNCT brass NOUN or CCONJ copper NOUN loses VERB its PRON shine NOUN and CCONJ gets VERB dull ADJ or CCONJ dark ADJ , PUNCT because ADP of ADP the DET air NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 tarnish mark 2 tarnish tarnish VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 tarnish cop 4 when when SCONJ _ 12 loses mark 5 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 12 loses nsubj 6 like like ADP _ 7 silver case 7 silver silver NOUN Number=Sing 5 metal nmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 brass punct 9 brass brass NOUN Number=Sing 5 metal conj 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 copper cc 11 copper copper NOUN Number=Sing 5 metal conj 12 loses lose VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 tarnish advcl 13 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 14 shine nmod:poss 14 shine shine NOUN Number=Sing 12 loses obj 15 and and CCONJ _ 16 gets cc 16 gets get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 loses conj 17 dull dull ADJ Degree=Pos 16 gets xcomp 18 or or CCONJ _ 19 dark cc 19 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 17 dull conj 20 , , PUNCT _ 24 air punct 21 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 24 air case 22 of of ADP _ 21 because fixed 23 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 24 air det 24 air air NOUN Number=Sing 2 tarnish obl 25 . . PUNCT _ 2 tarnish punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present because the air; tarnish property tree rules 2 lose present metal like silver and brass or copper copper's shine vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shine=Eventuality 3 get present metal like silver and brass or copper not said here dull property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To tarnish someone's name or reputation is to make people think less well of them.
The tree, 16 words mark advcl nmod:poss case obj cc conj cop mark obj xcomp advmod advmod case obl punct root To PART tarnish VERB someone PRON 's PART name NOUN or CCONJ reputation NOUN is AUX to PART make VERB people NOUN think VERB less ADV well ADV of ADP them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 tarnish mark 2 tarnish tarnish VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 make advcl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 name nmod:poss 4 's 's PART _ 3 someone case 5 name name NOUN Number=Sing 2 tarnish obj 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 reputation cc 7 reputation reputation NOUN Number=Sing 5 name conj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 make cop 9 to to PART _ 10 make mark 10 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 11 people people NOUN Number=Plur 10 make obj 12 think think VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 make xcomp 13 less less ADV Degree=Cmp 14 well advmod 14 well well ADV Degree=Pos 12 think advmod 15 of of ADP _ 16 them case 16 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 14 well obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 10 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tarnish to-infinitive someone's name or reputation tree rules 2 is present make property tree rules 3 think speech: other infinitive well property vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 name someone nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Meaning 3 Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.
Tarnish is the dull, dark layer that forms on metal.
nsubj cop det amod punct amod nsubj acl:relcl case obl punct root Tarnish NOUN is AUX the DET dull ADJ , PUNCT dark ADJ layer NOUN that PRON forms VERB on ADP metal NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tarnish tarnish NOUN Number=Sing 7 layer nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 layer cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 layer det 4 dull dull ADJ Degree=Pos 7 layer amod 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 dull punct 6 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 7 layer amod 7 layer layer NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 that that PRON PronType=Rel 9 forms nsubj 9 forms form VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 layer acl:relcl 10 on on ADP _ 11 metal case 11 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 9 forms obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 layer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Tarnish the dull dark layer tree rules 2 form present the dull dark layer metal vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on metal=Location
Example 1 Grandma's silver spoons have tarnished.
nmod:poss case compound nsubj aux punct root Grandma NOUN 's PART silver NOUN spoons NOUN have AUX tarnished VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grandma grandma NOUN Number=Sing 4 spoons nmod:poss 2 's 's PART _ 1 Grandma case 3 silver silver NOUN Number=Sing 4 spoons compound 4 spoons spoon NOUN Number=Plur 6 tarnished nsubj 5 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 tarnished aux 6 tarnished tarnish VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 tarnished punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tarnish present · perfect Grandma's silver spoons vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 2 We cleaned the tarnished pennies with vinegar and salt.
nsubj det amod obj case nmod cc conj punct root We PRON cleaned VERB the DET tarnished VERB pennies NOUN with ADP vinegar NOUN and CCONJ salt NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 cleaned nsubj 2 cleaned clean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 pennies det 4 tarnished tarnish VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 pennies amod 5 pennies penny NOUN Number=Plur 2 cleaned obj 6 with with ADP _ 7 vinegar case 7 vinegar vinegar NOUN Number=Sing 5 pennies nmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 salt cc 9 salt salt NOUN Number=Sing 7 vinegar conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 cleaned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 clean past We the tarnished pennies with vinegar and salt vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent penny=Patient with vinegar=Instrument 2 tarnish participle vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 3 The brass doorknob is covered in tarnish.
det compound nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root The DET brass NOUN doorknob NOUN is AUX covered VERB in ADP tarnish NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 doorknob det 2 brass brass NOUN Number=Sing 3 doorknob compound 3 doorknob doorknob NOUN Number=Sing 5 covered nsubj:pass 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 covered aux:pass 5 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 in in ADP _ 7 tarnish case 7 tarnish tarnish NOUN Number=Sing 5 covered obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 covered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cover present · passive the brass doorknob in tarnish vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in tarnish=Theme
Example 4 Cheating tarnished the team's good name.
nsubj det nmod:poss case amod obj punct root Cheating NOUN tarnished VERB the DET team NOUN 's PART good ADJ name NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cheating cheating NOUN Number=Sing 2 tarnished nsubj 2 tarnished tarnish VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 team det 4 team team NOUN Number=Sing 7 name nmod:poss 5 's 's PART _ 4 team case 6 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 7 name amod 7 name name NOUN Number=Sing 2 tarnished obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 tarnished punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tarnish past Cheating the team's good name tree rules 2 name the team nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 Gold does not tarnish easily.
nsubj aux advmod advmod punct root Gold NOUN does AUX not PART tarnish VERB easily ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gold gold NOUN Number=Sing 4 tarnish nsubj 2 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 tarnish aux 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 tarnish advmod 4 tarnish tarnish VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 easily easily ADV _ 4 tarnish advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 tarnish punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not tarnish present · do-support Gold easily property vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 6 The scandal tarnished the king's reputation.
det nsubj det nmod:poss case obj punct root The DET scandal NOUN tarnished VERB the DET king NOUN 's PART reputation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 scandal det 2 scandal scandal NOUN Number=Sing 3 tarnished nsubj 3 tarnished tarnish VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 king det 5 king king NOUN Number=Sing 7 reputation nmod:poss 6 's 's PART _ 5 king case 7 reputation reputation NOUN Number=Sing 3 tarnished obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 tarnished punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tarnish past the scandal the king's reputation tree rules 2 repute the king nom reputation «state transitive»: poss=agent
Example 7 The old woman returned in the night and knew by the tarnished thread what had happened in her absence.
The tree, 19 words det amod nsubj acl case det obl cc case det amod obl nsubj aux acl:relcl case nmod:poss obl punct root The DET old ADJ woman NOUN returned VERB in ADP the DET night NOUN and CCONJ knew VERB by ADP the DET tarnished VERB thread NOUN what PRON had AUX happened VERB in ADP her PRON absence NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 woman det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 woman amod 3 woman woman NOUN Number=Sing 9 knew nsubj 4 returned return VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 woman acl 5 in in ADP _ 7 night case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 night det 7 night night NOUN Number=Sing 4 returned obl 8 and and CCONJ _ 4 returned cc 9 knew know VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 10 by by ADP _ 13 thread case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 thread det 12 tarnished tarnish VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 13 thread amod 13 thread thread NOUN Number=Sing 9 knew obl 14 what what PRON PronType=Int 16 happened nsubj 15 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 16 happened aux 16 happened happen VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 13 thread acl:relcl 17 in in ADP _ 19 absence case 18 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 19 absence nmod:poss 19 absence absence NOUN Number=Sing 16 happened obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 9 knew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 return participle the old woman not said here night vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 know past the old woman by the tarnished thread vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer 3 tarnish participle vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 4 happen past · perfect the tarnished thread woman's absence vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in absence=Location 5 absent woman nom absence «state transitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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