toast Who acts: heating, toast, someone, I, Dad, Beans · What happens: be, make, wish, drink, have, slice · To what, where: Toast bread, someone happiness, glasses, two slices, toast, bread
«toast» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: toast in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Toast is bread whose sides have been made brown and crisp by heating.
compound cop nsubj:pass nmod:poss nsubj:pass aux aux:pass xcomp cc conj case obl punct root Toast NOUN is AUX bread NOUN whose PRON sides NOUN have AUX been AUX made VERB brown ADJ and CCONJ crisp ADJ by ADP heating NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 3 bread compound 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 bread cop 3 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 8 made nsubj:pass 4 whose whose PRON Poss=Yes PronType=Rel 5 sides nmod:poss 5 sides side NOUN Number=Plur 8 made nsubj:pass 6 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 made aux 7 been be AUX Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 8 made aux:pass 8 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 9 brown brown ADJ Degree=Pos 8 made xcomp 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 crisp cc 11 crisp crisp ADJ Degree=Pos 9 brown conj 12 by by ADP _ 13 heating case 13 heating heating NOUN Number=Sing 8 made obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 8 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Toast bread tree rules 2 make present · perfect · passive heating Toast bread brown property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To toast bread or other food is to brown it with heat.
mark compound advcl cc amod conj cop mark obj case obl punct root To PART toast NOUN bread NOUN or CCONJ other ADJ food NOUN is AUX to PART brown VERB it PRON with ADP heat NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 3 bread mark 2 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 3 bread compound 3 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 9 brown advcl 4 or or CCONJ _ 6 food cc 5 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 6 food amod 6 food food NOUN Number=Sing 3 bread conj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 brown cop 8 to to PART _ 9 brown mark 9 brown brown VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 brown obj 11 with with ADP _ 12 heat case 12 heat heat NOUN Number=Sing 9 brown obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 9 brown punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present with heat; brown property tree rules
Meaning 3 A toast is when people lift their glasses and drink to wish someone happiness or success.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj cop advmod nsubj nmod:poss obj cc conj mark advcl compound obj cc conj punct root A DET toast NOUN is AUX when ADV people NOUN lift VERB their PRON glasses NOUN and CCONJ drink NOUN to PART wish VERB someone PRON happiness NOUN or CCONJ success NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 toast det 2 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 6 lift nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 lift cop 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 6 lift advmod 5 people people NOUN Number=Plur 6 lift nsubj 6 lift lift VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 glasses nmod:poss 8 glasses glass NOUN Number=Plur 6 lift obj 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 drink cc 10 drink drink NOUN Number=Sing 8 glasses conj 11 to to PART _ 12 wish mark 12 wish wish VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 lift advcl 13 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 14 happiness compound 14 happiness happiness NOUN Number=Sing 12 wish obj 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 success cc 16 success success NOUN Number=Sing 14 happiness conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 6 lift punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a toast lift property tree rules 2 wish to-infinitive a toast not said here someone happiness or success vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot happiness=Theme
Meaning 4 To toast someone is to raise glasses and drink to them.
mark advcl nsubj cop mark obj cc conj case obl punct root To PART toast NOUN someone PRON is AUX to PART raise VERB glasses NOUN and CCONJ drink VERB to ADP them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 toast mark 2 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 6 raise advcl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 6 raise nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 raise cop 5 to to PART _ 6 raise mark 6 raise raise VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 glasses glass NOUN Number=Plur 6 raise obj 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 drink cc 9 drink drink VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 raise conj 10 to to ADP _ 11 them case 11 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 drink obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 raise punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present someone raise property tree rules 2 drink infinitive someone not said here glasses = glass vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 5 To toast yourself is to warm yourself by a fire.
mark nsubj nmod cop mark obj case det obl punct root To PART toast NOUN yourself PRON is AUX to PART warm VERB yourself PRON by ADP a DET fire NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 toast mark 2 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 6 warm nsubj 3 yourself yourself PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=2 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 2 toast nmod 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 warm cop 5 to to PART _ 6 warm mark 6 warm warm VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 yourself yourself PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=2 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 6 warm obj 8 by by ADP _ 10 fire case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 fire det 10 fire fire NOUN Number=Sing 6 warm obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 warm punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present toast yourself by a fire; warm property tree rules
Example 1 I had two slices of toast for breakfast.
nsubj nummod obj case nmod case nmod punct root I PRON had VERB two NUM slices NOUN of ADP toast NOUN for ADP breakfast NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 had nsubj 2 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 4 slices nummod 4 slices slice NOUN Number=Plur 2 had obj 5 of of ADP _ 6 toast case 6 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 4 slices nmod 7 for for ADP _ 8 breakfast case 8 breakfast breakfast NOUN Number=Sing 6 toast nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past I two slices of toast for breakfast vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent slice=Patient 2 slice toast for breakfast nom slice «possession transitive»: of=patient
Example 2 Dad toasted the bread under the grill.
nsubj det obj case det obl punct root Dad NOUN toasted VERB the DET bread NOUN under ADP the DET grill NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 2 toasted nsubj 2 toasted toast VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 bread det 4 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 2 toasted obj 5 under under ADP _ 7 grill case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 grill det 7 grill grill NOUN Number=Sing 2 toasted obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 toasted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toast past Dad the bread the grill vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent bread=Patient
Example 3 Beans on toast is a quick dinner.
nsubj case nmod cop det amod punct root Beans NOUN on ADP toast NOUN is AUX a DET quick ADJ dinner NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Beans bean NOUN Number=Plur 7 dinner nsubj 2 on on ADP _ 3 toast case 3 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 1 Beans nmod 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 dinner cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 dinner det 6 quick quick ADJ Degree=Pos 7 dinner amod 7 dinner dinner NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 . . PUNCT _ 7 dinner punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Beans on toast a quick dinner tree rules
Example 4 Never put a knife in the toaster.
advmod det obj case det obl punct root Never ADV put VERB a DET knife NOUN in ADP the DET toaster NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Never never ADV PronType=Neg 2 put advmod 2 put put VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 knife det 4 knife knife NOUN Number=Sing 2 put obj 5 in in ADP _ 7 toaster case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 toaster det 7 toaster toaster NOUN Number=Sing 2 put obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 put punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not put imperative you not said here a knife the toaster vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent knife=Theme in toaster=Destination
Example 5 Everyone raised a glass and made a toast to Grandma.
nsubj det obj cc conj det obj case obl punct root Everyone PRON raised VERB a DET glass NOUN and CCONJ made VERB a DET toast NOUN to ADP Grandma PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Everyone everyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Tot 2 raised nsubj 2 raised raise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 glass det 4 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 2 raised obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 made cc 6 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 raised conj 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 toast det 8 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 6 made obj 9 to to ADP _ 10 Grandma case 10 Grandma Grandma PROPN Number=Sing 6 made obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 raised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 raise past Everyone a glass vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glass=Theme 2 make past Everyone not said here a toast Grandma vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset toast=Product
Example 6 We toasted marshmallows over the campfire.
nsubj obj case det obl punct root We PRON toasted VERB marshmallows NOUN over ADP the DET campfire NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 toasted nsubj 2 toasted toast VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 marshmallows marshmallow NOUN Number=Plur 2 toasted obj 4 over over ADP _ 6 campfire case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 campfire det 6 campfire campfire NOUN Number=Sing 2 toasted obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 toasted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toast past We marshmallows the campfire vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent marshmallow=Patient
Example 7 Toasting bread is a change you cannot reverse.
csubj obj cop det nsubj aux advmod acl:relcl punct root Toasting VERB bread NOUN is AUX a DET change NOUN you PRON can AUX not PART reverse VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toasting toast VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 change csubj 2 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 1 Toasting obj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 change cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 change det 5 change change NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 9 reverse nsubj 7 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 reverse aux 8 not not PART Polarity=Neg 9 reverse advmod 9 reverse reverse VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 change acl:relcl 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 change punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toast gerund bread vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent bread=Patient 2 is a present Toasting a change tree rules 3 not reverse can you a change not said here vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent change=Patient
Example 8 We sat by the fire, warm as toast.
nsubj case det obl punct conj case obl punct root We PRON sat VERB by ADP the DET fire NOUN , PUNCT warm ADJ as ADP toast NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 sat nsubj 2 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 by by ADP _ 5 fire case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 fire det 5 fire fire NOUN Number=Sing 2 sat obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 7 warm punct 7 warm warm ADJ Degree=Pos 2 sat conj 8 as as ADP _ 9 toast case 9 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 7 warm obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit past We by the fire vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by fire=Location
Example 9 Babette clinked glasses with Rudy, and he returned thanks for the toast.
nsubj obj case nmod punct cc nsubj conj obj case det nmod punct root Babette PROPN clinked VERB glasses NOUN with ADP Rudy PROPN , PUNCT and CCONJ he PRON returned VERB thanks NOUN for ADP the DET toast NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Babette Babette PROPN Number=Sing 2 clinked nsubj 2 clinked clink VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 glasses glass NOUN Number=Plur 2 clinked obj 4 with with ADP _ 5 Rudy case 5 Rudy Rudy PROPN Number=Sing 3 glasses nmod 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 returned punct 7 and and CCONJ _ 9 returned cc 8 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 returned nsubj 9 returned return VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 clinked conj 10 thanks thanks NOUN Number=Sing 9 returned obj 11 for for ADP _ 13 toast case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 toast det 13 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 10 thanks nmod 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 clinked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 clink past Babette glasses with Rudy vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location glass=Theme 2 return past Babette thanks for the toast vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thanks=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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