toll Who acts: toll, you, free number, We, toll booth, death toll · What happens: be, pay, use, kill, hurt, toll · To what, where: money, road, number, people, disaster, toll · Speech: someone speaks here
«toll» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: toll in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A toll is money you must pay to use a road, bridge or tunnel.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj cop nsubj aux acl:relcl mark advcl det obj punct conj cc conj punct root A DET toll NOUN is AUX money NOUN you PRON must AUX pay VERB to PART use VERB a DET road NOUN , PUNCT bridge NOUN or CCONJ tunnel NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 toll det 2 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 4 money nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 money cop 4 money money NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 7 pay nsubj 6 must must AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 pay aux 7 pay pay VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 money acl:relcl 8 to to PART _ 9 use mark 9 use use VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 pay advcl 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 road det 11 road road NOUN Number=Sing 9 use obj 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 bridge punct 13 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 11 road conj 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 tunnel cc 15 tunnel tunnel NOUN Number=Sing 11 road conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 4 money punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a toll money tree rules 2 pay must you money not said here vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset 3 use to-infinitive you not said here a road and bridge or tunnel vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 The toll of a disaster is the number of people killed or hurt, as in «the death toll».
The tree, 18 words det nsubj case det nmod cop det case nmod acl cc conj punct mark case punct det compound parataxis punct punct root The DET toll NOUN of ADP a DET disaster NOUN is AUX the DET number NOUN of ADP people NOUN killed VERB or CCONJ hurt VERB , PUNCT as SCONJ in ADP « PUNCT the DET death NOUN toll NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 toll det 2 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 8 number nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 disaster case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 disaster det 5 disaster disaster NOUN Number=Sing 2 toll nmod 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 number cop 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 number det 8 number number NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 of of ADP _ 10 people case 10 people people NOUN Number=Plur 8 number nmod 11 killed kill VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 people acl 12 or or CCONJ _ 13 hurt cc 13 hurt hurt VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 11 killed conj 14 , , PUNCT _ 20 toll punct 15 as as SCONJ _ 20 toll mark 16 in in ADP _ 20 toll case 17 « « PUNCT _ 20 toll punct 18 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 20 toll det 19 death death NOUN Number=Sing 20 toll compound 20 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 13 hurt parataxis 21 » » PUNCT _ 20 toll punct 22 . . PUNCT _ 8 number punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the toll of a disaster the number of people tree rules 2 kill participle people not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 3 hurt participle tree rules 4 toll a disaster nom toll «possession transitive»: of=patient
Meaning 3 To take a toll (on) means to cause damage, harm or tiredness over time.
The tree, 14 words mark nsubj det obj punct compound punct mark xcomp obj punct conj cc conj case obl punct root To PART take VERB a DET toll NOUN ( PUNCT on ADP ) PUNCT means VERB to PART cause VERB damage NOUN , PUNCT harm NOUN or CCONJ tiredness NOUN over ADP time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 take mark 2 take take VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 8 means nsubj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 toll det 4 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 2 take obj 5 ( ( PUNCT _ 6 on punct 6 on on ADP _ 4 toll compound 7 ) ) PUNCT _ 6 on punct 8 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 to to PART _ 10 cause mark 10 cause cause VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 means xcomp 11 damage damage NOUN Number=Sing 10 cause obj 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 harm punct 13 harm harm NOUN Number=Sing 11 damage conj 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 tiredness cc 15 tiredness tiredness NOUN Number=Sing 11 damage conj 16 over over ADP _ 17 time case 17 time time NOUN Number=Sing 10 cause obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 8 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take to-infinitive a toll vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toll=Theme 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 cause not said to happen to-infinitive damage and harm or tiredness time vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition damage=Patient
Meaning 4 To toll means for a large bell to ring slowly again and again, often for a death.
The tree, 17 words mark csubj case det amod obl mark ccomp advmod advmod cc conj punct advmod case det obl punct root To PART toll VERB means VERB for ADP a DET large ADJ bell NOUN to PART ring VERB slowly ADV again ADV and CCONJ again ADV , PUNCT often ADV for ADP a DET death NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 toll mark 2 toll toll VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means csubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 for for ADP _ 7 bell case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 bell det 6 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 7 bell amod 7 bell bell NOUN Number=Sing 3 means obl 8 to to PART _ 9 ring mark 9 ring ring VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means ccomp 10 slowly slowly ADV _ 9 ring advmod 11 again again ADV _ 9 ring advmod 12 and and CCONJ _ 13 again cc 13 again again ADV _ 11 again conj 14 , , PUNCT _ 18 death punct 15 often often ADV _ 18 death advmod 16 for for ADP _ 18 death case 17 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 death det 18 death death NOUN Number=Sing 9 ring obl 19 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toll to-infinitive vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 mean present for a large bell vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 ring not said to happen to-infinitive again for a death; slowly property vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Meaning 5 A toll-free number is a phone number you can call without paying.
The tree, 13 words det compound punct amod nsubj cop det compound nsubj aux parataxis mark advcl punct root A DET toll NOUN - PUNCT free ADJ number NOUN is AUX a DET phone NOUN number NOUN you PRON can AUX call VERB without SCONJ paying VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 number det 2 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 4 free compound 3 - - PUNCT _ 2 toll punct 4 free free ADJ Degree=Pos 5 number amod 5 number number NOUN Number=Sing 9 number nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 number cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 number det 8 phone phone NOUN Number=Sing 9 number compound 9 number number NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 12 call nsubj 11 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 call aux 12 call call VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 number parataxis 13 without without SCONJ _ 14 paying mark 14 paying pay VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 call advcl 15 . . PUNCT _ 9 number punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a free number a phone number tree rules 2 call can you vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 pay gerund you not said here vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 1 We paid a toll to cross the bridge.
nsubj det obj mark advcl det obj punct root We PRON paid VERB a DET toll NOUN to PART cross VERB the DET bridge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 paid nsubj 2 paid pay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 toll det 4 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 2 paid obj 5 to to PART _ 6 cross mark 6 cross cross VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 paid advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 bridge det 8 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 6 cross obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 paid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pay past We a toll vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toll=Asset 2 cross to-infinitive We not said here the bridge vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bridge=Patient
Example 2 The toll booth had a long queue.
det compound nsubj det amod obj punct root The DET toll NOUN booth NOUN had VERB a DET long ADJ queue NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 booth det 2 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 3 booth compound 3 booth booth NOUN Number=Sing 4 had nsubj 4 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 queue det 6 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 7 queue amod 7 queue queue NOUN Number=Sing 4 had obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the toll booth a long queue vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent queue=Patient
Example 3 The flood's death toll was sadly high.
det nmod:poss case compound nsubj cop advmod punct root The DET flood NOUN 's PART death NOUN toll NOUN was AUX sadly ADV high ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 flood det 2 flood flood NOUN Number=Sing 5 toll nmod:poss 3 's 's PART _ 2 flood case 4 death death NOUN Number=Sing 5 toll compound 5 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 8 high nsubj 6 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 high cop 7 sadly sadly ADV _ 8 high advmod 8 high high ADJ Degree=Pos root root 9 . . PUNCT _ 8 high punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the flood's death toll high, sadly property tree rules 2 toll the flood nom toll «possession transitive»: poss=agent
Example 4 Late nights took their toll on Dad.
amod nsubj nmod:poss obj case obl punct root Late ADJ nights NOUN took VERB their PRON toll NOUN on ADP Dad PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Late late ADJ Degree=Pos 2 nights amod 2 nights night NOUN Number=Plur 3 took nsubj 3 took take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 toll nmod:poss 5 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 3 took obj 6 on on ADP _ 7 Dad case 7 Dad Dad PROPN Number=Sing 3 took obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 took punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take past Late nights their toll on Dad vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent toll=Theme on dad=Destination 2 toll their = they nom toll «possession transitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 The church bell tolled for the old king.
det compound acl case det amod obl punct root The DET church NOUN bell NOUN tolled VERB for ADP the DET old ADJ king NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 bell det 2 church church NOUN Number=Sing 3 bell compound 3 bell bell NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 tolled toll VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 bell acl 5 for for ADP _ 8 king case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 king det 7 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 8 king amod 8 king king NOUN Number=Sing 4 tolled obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 bell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toll participle the church bell not said here for the old king vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 The toll road costs $4 each way.
det compound nsubj obj nummod det obl:unmarked punct root The DET toll NOUN road NOUN costs VERB $ SYM 4 NUM each DET way NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 road det 2 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 3 road compound 3 road road NOUN Number=Sing 4 costs nsubj 4 costs cost VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 $ $ SYM _ 4 costs obj 6 4 4 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 $ nummod 7 each each DET PronType=Tot 8 way det 8 way way NOUN Number=Sing 4 costs obl:unmarked 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 costs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cost present the toll road each way vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme $=Value
Example 7 Call the toll-free number for help.
det compound punct amod obj case nmod punct root Call VERB the DET toll NOUN - PUNCT free ADJ number NOUN for ADP help NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Call call VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 number det 3 toll toll NOUN Number=Sing 5 free compound 4 - - PUNCT _ 3 toll punct 5 free free ADJ Degree=Pos 6 number amod 6 number number NOUN Number=Sing 1 Call obj 7 for for ADP _ 8 help case 8 help help NOUN Number=Sing 6 number nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Call punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call imperative you not said here the free number for help vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent number=Theme for help=Beneficiary
Example 8 "Cling, clang," tolled the hyacinth bells.
punct nsubj punct conj punct punct det compound obj punct root " PUNCT Cling NOUN , PUNCT clang NOUN , PUNCT " PUNCT tolled VERB the DET hyacinth NOUN bells NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 2 Cling punct 2 Cling cling NOUN Number=Sing 7 tolled nsubj 3 , , PUNCT _ 4 clang punct 4 clang clang NOUN Number=Sing 2 Cling conj 5 , , PUNCT _ 2 Cling punct 6 " " PUNCT _ 7 tolled punct 7 tolled toll VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 bells det 9 hyacinth hyacinth NOUN Number=Sing 10 bells compound 10 bells bell NOUN Number=Plur 7 tolled obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 7 tolled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toll past Cling and clang the hyacinth bells vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bell=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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