tough Who acts: Tough, tough person, Tough food, boots, maths test, She · What happens: mean, not break, cut, damage, do, be · To what, where: body, Tough, bad behaviour, leg · Speech: someone speaks here
«tough» in the school dictionary: its 6 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: tough in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Tough means strong and not easily broken, cut or damaged: «tough boots».
The tree, 12 words nsubj xcomp cc advmod advmod conj punct conj cc conj punct punct amod parataxis punct punct root Tough NOUN means VERB strong ADJ and CCONJ not PART easily ADV broken VERB , PUNCT cut VERB or CCONJ damaged VERB : PUNCT « PUNCT tough ADJ boots NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tough tough NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 and and CCONJ _ 7 broken cc 5 not not PART Polarity=Neg 7 broken advmod 6 easily easily ADV _ 7 broken advmod 7 broken break VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 strong conj 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 cut punct 9 cut cut VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 broken conj 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 damaged cc 11 damaged damage VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 cut conj 12 : : PUNCT _ 15 boots punct 13 « « PUNCT _ 15 boots punct 14 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 15 boots amod 15 boots boot NOUN Number=Plur 2 means parataxis 16 » » PUNCT _ 15 boots punct 17 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Tough strong property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 not break participle Tough not said here easily property vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient 3 cut participle Tough not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 4 damage participle Tough not said here vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Tough means hard to do or difficult: «a tough test».
nsubj xcomp mark xcomp cc conj punct punct det amod parataxis punct punct root Tough NOUN means VERB hard ADJ to PART do VERB or CCONJ difficult ADJ : PUNCT « PUNCT a DET tough ADJ test NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tough tough NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 to to PART _ 5 do mark 5 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 hard xcomp 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 difficult cc 7 difficult difficult ADJ Degree=Pos 3 hard conj 8 : : PUNCT _ 12 test punct 9 « « PUNCT _ 12 test punct 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 test det 11 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 12 test amod 12 test test NOUN Number=Sing 2 means parataxis 13 » » PUNCT _ 12 test punct 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Tough hard property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 do to-infinitive Tough not said here vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 A tough person is strong in body or mind and can deal with pain or problems.
The tree, 16 words det amod nsubj cop case obl cc conj cc aux conj case obl cc conj punct root A DET tough ADJ person NOUN is AUX strong ADJ in ADP body NOUN or CCONJ mind NOUN and CCONJ can AUX deal VERB with ADP pain NOUN or CCONJ problems NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 person det 2 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 3 person amod 3 person person NOUN Number=Sing 5 strong nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 strong cop 5 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 in in ADP _ 7 body case 7 body body NOUN Number=Sing 5 strong obl 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 mind cc 9 mind mind NOUN Number=Sing 7 body conj 10 and and CCONJ _ 12 deal cc 11 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 deal aux 12 deal deal VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 strong conj 13 with with ADP _ 14 pain case 14 pain pain NOUN Number=Sing 12 deal obl 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 problems cc 16 problems problem NOUN Number=Plur 14 pain conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 5 strong punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a tough person body or mind strong property tree rules 2 deal can a tough person not said here with pain or problems vn cope-83 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with pain=Theme
Meaning 4 Tough food (like meat) is hard to cut or chew.
amod nsubj punct case nmod punct cop mark xcomp cc conj punct root Tough ADJ food NOUN ( PUNCT like ADP meat NOUN ) PUNCT is AUX hard ADJ to PART cut VERB or CCONJ chew VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 2 food amod 2 food food NOUN Number=Sing 8 hard nsubj 3 ( ( PUNCT _ 5 meat punct 4 like like ADP _ 5 meat case 5 meat meat NOUN Number=Sing 2 food nmod 6 ) ) PUNCT _ 5 meat punct 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 hard cop 8 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos root root 9 to to PART _ 10 cut mark 10 cut cut VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 hard xcomp 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 chew cc 12 chew chew VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 cut conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 8 hard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Tough food like meat hard property tree rules 2 cut to-infinitive Tough food like meat not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 3 chew infinitive Tough food like meat not said here vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 5 Tough means strict and firm: «tough rules».
nsubj xcomp cc conj punct punct amod parataxis punct punct root Tough NOUN means VERB strict ADJ and CCONJ firm ADJ : PUNCT « PUNCT tough ADJ rules NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tough tough NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 strict strict ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 firm cc 5 firm firm ADJ Degree=Pos 3 strict conj 6 : : PUNCT _ 9 rules punct 7 « « PUNCT _ 9 rules punct 8 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 9 rules amod 9 rules rule NOUN Number=Plur 2 means parataxis 10 » » PUNCT _ 9 rules punct 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Tough strict property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
Meaning 6 «Tough!» or «Tough luck» is said, rather rudely, to mean «too bad».
The tree, 12 words punct nsubj:pass punct punct cc punct amod conj punct aux:pass punct advmod advmod punct mark parataxis punct advmod ccomp punct punct root « PUNCT Tough NOUN ! PUNCT » PUNCT or CCONJ « PUNCT Tough ADJ luck NOUN » PUNCT is AUX said VERB , PUNCT rather ADV rudely ADV , PUNCT to PART mean VERB « PUNCT too ADV bad ADJ » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Tough punct 2 Tough tough NOUN Number=Sing 11 said nsubj:pass 3 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 Tough punct 4 » » PUNCT _ 2 Tough punct 5 or or CCONJ _ 8 luck cc 6 « « PUNCT _ 8 luck punct 7 Tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 8 luck amod 8 luck luck NOUN Number=Sing 2 Tough conj 9 » » PUNCT _ 8 luck punct 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 said aux:pass 11 said say VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 rudely punct 13 rather rather ADV _ 14 rudely advmod 14 rudely rudely ADV _ 11 said advmod 15 , , PUNCT _ 17 mean punct 16 to to PART _ 17 mean mark 17 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 said parataxis 18 « « PUNCT _ 20 bad punct 19 too too ADV _ 20 bad advmod 20 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 17 mean ccomp 21 » » PUNCT _ 20 bad punct 22 . . PUNCT _ 11 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present · passive Tough or Tough luck rudely property vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic 2 mean to-infinitive vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
Example 1 These boots are tough enough for hiking.
det nsubj cop advmod mark advcl punct root These DET boots NOUN are AUX tough ADJ enough ADV for SCONJ hiking VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 These this DET Number=Plur PronType=Dem 2 boots det 2 boots boot NOUN Number=Plur 4 tough nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 tough cop 4 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 enough enough ADV _ 4 tough advmod 6 for for SCONJ _ 7 hiking mark 7 hiking hike VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 tough advcl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 tough punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present this boots enough, tough property tree rules 2 hike gerund this boots not said here vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 2 The maths test was tough.
det compound nsubj cop punct root The DET maths NOUN test NOUN was AUX tough ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 test det 2 maths math NOUN Number=Plur 3 test compound 3 test test NOUN Number=Sing 5 tough nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 tough cop 5 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 tough punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the maths test tough property tree rules
Example 3 She is tough and never gives up.
nsubj cop cc advmod conj compound:prt punct root She PRON is AUX tough ADJ and CCONJ never ADV gives VERB up ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 tough nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 tough cop 3 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 and and CCONJ _ 6 gives cc 5 never never ADV PronType=Neg 6 gives advmod 6 gives give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 tough conj 7 up up ADP _ 6 gives compound:prt 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 tough punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present She tough property tree rules 2 not give up present She not said here vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 4 This steak is too tough to chew.
det nsubj cop advmod mark advcl punct root This DET steak NOUN is AUX too ADV tough ADJ to PART chew VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 This this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 2 steak det 2 steak steak NOUN Number=Sing 5 tough nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 tough cop 4 too too ADV _ 5 tough advmod 5 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 to to PART _ 7 chew mark 7 chew chew VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 tough advcl 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 tough punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present this steak tough property tree rules 2 chew to-infinitive this steak not said here vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 5 We've had a tough week.
nsubj aux det amod obj punct root We PRON 've AUX had VERB a DET tough ADJ week NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 had nsubj 2 've have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 had aux 3 had have VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 week det 5 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 6 week amod 6 week week NOUN Number=Sing 3 had obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present · perfect We week vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 6 The new head is tough on bad behaviour.
det amod nsubj cop case amod obl punct root The DET new ADJ head NOUN is AUX tough ADJ on ADP bad ADJ behaviour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 head det 2 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 3 head amod 3 head head NOUN Number=Sing 5 tough nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 tough cop 5 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 on on ADP _ 8 behaviour case 7 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 8 behaviour amod 8 behaviour behaviour NOUN Number=Sing 5 tough obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 tough punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present the new head bad behaviour tough property tree rules
Example 7 Being tough doesn't mean you can't cry.
cop csubj aux advmod nsubj aux advmod ccomp punct root Being AUX tough ADJ does AUX n't PART mean VERB you PRON ca AUX n't PART cry VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 tough cop 2 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 5 mean csubj 3 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 mean aux 4 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 5 mean advmod 5 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 9 cry nsubj 7 ca can AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 cry aux 8 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 9 cry advmod 9 cry cry VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 mean ccomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is gerund tough property tree rules 2 not mean present · do-support vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 not cry speech: express can you vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 8 He tied the Mouse's leg to his own with a tough reed.
nsubj det nmod:poss case obj case nmod:poss obl case det amod obl punct root He PRON tied VERB the DET Mouse PROPN 's PART leg NOUN to ADP his PRON own ADJ with ADP a DET tough ADJ reed NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 tied nsubj 2 tied tie VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 Mouse det 4 Mouse Mouse PROPN Number=Sing 6 leg nmod:poss 5 's 's PART _ 4 Mouse case 6 leg leg NOUN Number=Sing 2 tied obj 7 to to ADP _ 9 own case 8 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 own nmod:poss 9 own own ADJ Degree=Pos 2 tied obl 10 with with ADP _ 13 reed case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 reed det 12 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 13 reed amod 13 reed reed NOUN Number=Sing 2 tied obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 tied punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tie past He the Mouse's leg to Mouse's own; with a tough reed vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP PP.co-patient PP.instrument»: agent=Agent leg=Patient to own=Co-Patient with reed=Instrument
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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