toughen Who acts: person, hard training, school, Toughened glass, Boots · What happens: toughen, be, break, damage, toughen up, deal · To what, where: something, rules, Toughened glass, car windows, players, feet
«toughen» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: toughen in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To toughen something is to make it stronger and harder to break or damage.
The tree, 14 words mark csubj obj cop mark obj xcomp cc conj mark xcomp cc conj punct root To PART toughen VERB something PRON is AUX to PART make VERB it PRON stronger ADJ and CCONJ harder ADJ to PART break VERB or CCONJ damage VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 toughen mark 2 toughen toughen VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make csubj 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 toughen obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 make cop 5 to to PART _ 6 make mark 6 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 make obj 8 stronger strong ADJ Degree=Cmp 6 make xcomp 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 harder cc 10 harder hard ADJ Degree=Cmp 8 stronger conj 11 to to PART _ 12 break mark 12 break break VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 harder xcomp 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 damage cc 14 damage damage VERB VerbForm=Inf 12 break conj 15 . . PUNCT _ 6 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toughen to-infinitive something vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent something=Patient 2 is present make, strong property tree rules 3 break to-infinitive vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient 4 damage infinitive vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To toughen (up) a person is to make them stronger and better at dealing with difficult things.
The tree, 17 words mark advcl punct compound:prt punct det nsubj cop mark obj xcomp cc conj mark advcl case amod obl punct root To PART toughen VERB ( PUNCT up ADP ) PUNCT a DET person NOUN is AUX to PART make VERB them PRON stronger ADJ and CCONJ better ADV at SCONJ dealing VERB with ADP difficult ADJ things NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 toughen mark 2 toughen toughen VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 make advcl 3 ( ( PUNCT _ 4 up punct 4 up up ADP _ 2 toughen compound:prt 5 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 toughen punct 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 person det 7 person person NOUN Number=Sing 10 make nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 make cop 9 to to PART _ 10 make mark 10 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 11 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 make obj 12 stronger strong ADJ Degree=Cmp 10 make xcomp 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 better cc 14 better well ADV Degree=Cmp 12 stronger conj 15 at at SCONJ _ 16 dealing mark 16 dealing deal VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 stronger advcl 17 with with ADP _ 19 things case 18 difficult difficult ADJ Degree=Pos 19 things amod 19 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 16 dealing obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 10 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toughen up to-infinitive a person not said here vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 is present a person make, strong property tree rules 3 deal gerund a person not said here with difficult things vn cope-83 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with thing=Theme
Meaning 3 To make rules or laws stricter.
mark obj cc conj xcomp punct root To PART make VERB rules NOUN or CCONJ laws NOUN stricter ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 make mark 2 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 rules rule NOUN Number=Plur 2 make obj 4 or or CCONJ _ 5 laws cc 5 laws law NOUN Number=Plur 3 rules conj 6 stricter strict ADJ Degree=Cmp 2 make xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make to-infinitive rules or laws strict property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset rule=Product
Example 1 Toughened glass is used in car windows.
amod nsubj:pass aux:pass case compound obl punct root Toughened VERB glass NOUN is AUX used VERB in ADP car NOUN windows NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toughened toughen VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 glass amod 2 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 4 used nsubj:pass 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 used aux:pass 4 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 in in ADP _ 7 windows case 6 car car NOUN Number=Sing 7 windows compound 7 windows window NOUN Number=Plur 4 used obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toughen participle vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 use present · passive Toughened glass car windows vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
Example 2 The hard training toughened the players.
det amod nsubj det obj punct root The DET hard ADJ training NOUN toughened VERB the DET players NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 training det 2 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 3 training amod 3 training training NOUN Number=Sing 4 toughened nsubj 4 toughened toughen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 players det 6 players player NOUN Number=Plur 4 toughened obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 toughened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toughen past the hard training the players vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent player=Patient
Example 3 Hiking toughens your feet.
nsubj nmod:poss obj punct root Hiking VERB toughens VERB your PRON feet NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hiking hike VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 toughens nsubj 2 toughens toughen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 feet nmod:poss 4 feet foot NOUN Number=Plur 2 toughens obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 toughens punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hike gerund vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 toughen present your feet vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent foot=Patient
Example 4 The school toughened its rules on phones.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj case obl punct root The DET school NOUN toughened VERB its PRON rules NOUN on ADP phones NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 school det 2 school school NOUN Number=Sing 3 toughened nsubj 3 toughened toughen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 rules nmod:poss 5 rules rule NOUN Number=Plur 3 toughened obj 6 on on ADP _ 7 phones case 7 phones phone NOUN Number=Plur 3 toughened obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 toughened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toughen past the school school's rules phones vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent rule=Patient 2 rule school nom rule «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 Toughened glass breaks into small pieces, not sharp shards.
amod nsubj case amod obl punct advmod amod conj punct root Toughened VERB glass NOUN breaks VERB into ADP small ADJ pieces NOUN , PUNCT not PART sharp ADJ shards NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toughened toughen VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 glass amod 2 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 3 breaks nsubj 3 breaks break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 into into ADP _ 6 pieces case 5 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 6 pieces amod 6 pieces piece NOUN Number=Plur 3 breaks obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 shards punct 8 not not PART Polarity=Neg 10 shards advmod 9 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 10 shards amod 10 shards shard NOUN Number=Plur 6 pieces conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 breaks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 toughen participle vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 break present Toughened glass into small pieces and sharp shards result vn break-45.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Patient into piece=Result
Example 6 Boots get toughened by wearing them.
nsubj xcomp mark advcl obj punct root Boots NOUN get VERB toughened VERB by SCONJ wearing VERB them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Boots boot NOUN Number=Plur 2 get nsubj 2 get get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 toughened toughen VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 get xcomp 4 by by SCONJ _ 5 wearing mark 5 wearing wear VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 toughened advcl 6 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 wearing obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 get punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get present Boots vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 2 toughen participle Boots not said here vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 3 wear gerund Boots not said here Boots = boot vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent they=Source
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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