toughness Who acts: Toughness, your, material, Rubber boots, We, goalkeeper · What happens: be, break, bend, damage, put up, mind · To what, where: mind, much energy, toughness, mud, real toughness, steak
«toughness» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: toughness in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Toughness is being strong and hard to break, bend or damage.
nsubj cop cop cc conj mark xcomp punct conj cc conj punct root Toughness NOUN is AUX being AUX strong ADJ and CCONJ hard ADJ to PART break VERB , PUNCT bend VERB or CCONJ damage VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 4 strong nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 strong cop 3 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 strong cop 4 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 hard cc 6 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 4 strong conj 7 to to PART _ 8 break mark 8 break break VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 hard xcomp 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 bend punct 10 bend bend VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 break conj 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 damage cc 12 damage damage VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 break conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 strong punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Toughness strong property tree rules 2 be Toughness not said here tree rules 3 break to-infinitive Toughness not said here vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient 4 bend infinitive Toughness not said here vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 5 damage infinitive Toughness not said here vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Toughness is being brave and strong in your mind, able to put up with pain or hard times.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop cop cc conj case nmod:poss obl punct conj mark xcomp compound:prt case obl cc amod conj punct root Toughness NOUN is AUX being AUX brave ADJ and CCONJ strong ADJ in ADP your PRON mind NOUN , PUNCT able ADJ to PART put VERB up ADP with ADP pain NOUN or CCONJ hard ADJ times NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 4 brave nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 brave cop 3 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 brave cop 4 brave brave ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 strong cc 6 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 4 brave conj 7 in in ADP _ 9 mind case 8 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 mind nmod:poss 9 mind mind NOUN Number=Sing 6 strong obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 able punct 11 able able ADJ Degree=Pos 4 brave conj 12 to to PART _ 13 put mark 13 put put VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 able xcomp 14 up up ADP _ 13 put compound:prt 15 with with ADP _ 16 pain case 16 pain pain NOUN Number=Sing 13 put obl 17 or or CCONJ _ 19 times cc 18 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 19 times amod 19 times time NOUN Number=Plur 16 pain conj 20 . . PUNCT _ 4 brave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Toughness brave property tree rules 2 be Toughness not said here your mind tree rules 3 be Toughness not said here tree rules 4 put up to-infinitive Toughness not said here with pain or hard times vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent 5 mind your nom mind «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Meaning 3 Toughness of meat or food is being hard to cut or chew.
nsubj case nmod cc conj cop cop mark xcomp cc conj punct root Toughness NOUN of ADP meat NOUN or CCONJ food NOUN is AUX being AUX hard ADJ to PART cut VERB or CCONJ chew VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 8 hard nsubj 2 of of ADP _ 3 meat case 3 meat meat NOUN Number=Sing 1 Toughness nmod 4 or or CCONJ _ 5 food cc 5 food food NOUN Number=Sing 3 meat conj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 hard cop 7 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 hard cop 8 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos root root 9 to to PART _ 10 cut mark 10 cut cut VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 hard xcomp 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 chew cc 12 chew chew VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 cut conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 8 hard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Toughness of meat or food hard property tree rules 2 cut to-infinitive Toughness of meat or food not said here vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 3 chew infinitive Toughness of meat or food not said here vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 4 Usage: materials science — kept apart, not parsed.
Toughness is how much energy a material can take before it breaks.
nsubj cop advmod amod det nsubj aux acl:relcl mark nsubj advcl punct root Toughness NOUN is AUX how ADV much ADJ energy NOUN a DET material NOUN can AUX take VERB before SCONJ it PRON breaks VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 5 energy nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 energy cop 3 how how ADV PronType=Int 4 much advmod 4 much much ADJ Degree=Pos 5 energy amod 5 energy energy NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 material det 7 material material NOUN Number=Sing 9 take nsubj 8 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 take aux 9 take take VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 energy acl:relcl 10 before before SCONJ _ 12 breaks mark 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 breaks nsubj 12 breaks break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 take advcl 13 . . PUNCT _ 5 energy punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Toughness much energy tree rules 2 take can a material much energy not said here vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent energy=Theme 3 break present material vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
Example 1 Rubber boots need toughness to survive the mud.
compound nsubj obj mark xcomp det obj punct root Rubber NOUN boots NOUN need VERB toughness NOUN to PART survive VERB the DET mud NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rubber rubber NOUN Number=Sing 2 boots compound 2 boots boot NOUN Number=Plur 3 need nsubj 3 need need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 3 need obj 5 to to PART _ 6 survive mark 6 survive survive VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 need xcomp 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 mud det 8 mud mud NOUN Number=Sing 6 survive obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 need punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present Rubber boots toughness tree rules 2 survive not said to happen to-infinitive toughness not said here the mud vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme mud=Circumstance
Example 2 We tested the toughness of three kinds of paper.
nsubj det obj case nummod nmod case nmod punct root We PRON tested VERB the DET toughness NOUN of ADP three NUM kinds NOUN of ADP paper NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 tested nsubj 2 tested test VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 toughness det 4 toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 2 tested obj 5 of of ADP _ 7 kinds case 6 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 7 kinds nummod 7 kinds kind NOUN Number=Plur 4 toughness nmod 8 of of ADP _ 9 paper case 9 paper paper NOUN Number=Sing 7 kinds nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 tested punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 test past We the toughness of three kinds of paper vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toughness=Theme
Example 3 The goalkeeper showed real toughness after the injury.
det nsubj amod obj case det obl punct root The DET goalkeeper NOUN showed VERB real ADJ toughness NOUN after ADP the DET injury NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 goalkeeper det 2 goalkeeper goalkeeper NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed nsubj 3 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 real real ADJ Degree=Pos 5 toughness amod 5 toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed obj 6 after after ADP _ 8 injury case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 injury det 8 injury injury NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 showed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show past the goalkeeper real toughness after the injury vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent toughness=Recipient
Example 4 The toughness of the steak made it hard to chew.
det nsubj case det nmod obj xcomp mark xcomp punct root The DET toughness NOUN of ADP the DET steak NOUN made VERB it PRON hard ADJ to PART chew VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 toughness det 2 toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 6 made nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 steak case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 steak det 5 steak steak NOUN Number=Sing 2 toughness nmod 6 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 made obj 8 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 6 made xcomp 9 to to PART _ 10 chew mark 10 chew chew VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 hard xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past the toughness of the steak steak hard property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product 2 chew to-infinitive steak not said here vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 5 True toughness is staying calm when someone wants a fight.
amod nsubj aux xcomp advmod nsubj advcl det obj punct root True ADJ toughness NOUN is AUX staying VERB calm ADJ when ADV someone PRON wants VERB a DET fight NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 True true ADJ Degree=Pos 2 toughness amod 2 toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 4 staying nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 staying aux 4 staying stay VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 calm calm ADJ Degree=Pos 4 staying xcomp 6 when when ADV PronType=Int 8 wants advmod 7 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 wants nsubj 8 wants want VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 staying advcl 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 fight det 10 fight fight NOUN Number=Sing 8 wants obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 staying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stay present · progressive True toughness calm property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 want present someone a fight vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot fight=Theme
Example 6 Glass is hard but has little toughness, so it shatters.
nsubj cop cc conj amod obj punct advmod nsubj conj punct root Glass NOUN is AUX hard ADJ but CCONJ has VERB little ADJ toughness NOUN , PUNCT so ADV it PRON shatters VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 3 hard nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 hard cop 3 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 but but CCONJ _ 5 has cc 5 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 hard conj 6 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 7 toughness amod 7 toughness toughness NOUN Number=Sing 5 has obj 8 , , PUNCT _ 11 shatters punct 9 so so ADV _ 11 shatters advmod 10 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 shatters nsubj 11 shatters shatter VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 hard conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 hard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Glass hard property tree rules 2 have present Glass not said here little toughness vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toughness=Patient 3 shatter present Glass vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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