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tundra

Who acts: tundra, ground, Trees, Lemmings, We · What happens: be, stay, freeze, not grow, cover, live · To what, where: huge cold flat treeless land, far north, mountains, tundra, Arctic tundra, permafrost

«tundra» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: tundra in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

The tundra is a huge cold, flat, treeless land in the far north (the Arctic) or high on mountains, where the ground below stays frozen all year.

The tree, 27 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 tundra	det
2	tundra	tundra	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 land	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 land	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 land	det
5	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 land	amod
6	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 land	amod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 cold	punct
8	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 land	amod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 flat	punct
10	treeless	treeless	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 land	amod
11	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
12	in	in	ADP	_	15 north	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 north	det
14	far	far	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 north	amod
15	north	north	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 land	obl
16	(	(	PUNCT	_	18 Arctic	punct
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 Arctic	det
18	Arctic	Arctic	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 north	appos
19	)	)	PUNCT	_	18 Arctic	punct
20	or	or	CCONJ	_	21 high	cc
21	high	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 land	conj
22	on	on	ADP	_	23 mountains	case
23	mountains	mountain	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 high	obl
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 stays	punct
25	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	29 stays	advmod
26	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	27 ground	det
27	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 stays	nsubj
28	below	below	ADP	_	27 ground	nmod
29	stays	stay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	23 mountains	acl:relcl
30	frozen	freeze	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	29 stays	xcomp
31	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	32 year	det
32	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 frozen	obl:unmarked
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 land	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the tundra	a huge cold flat treeless land		the far north			tree rules
2	be		the tundra not said here			mountains			tree rules
3	stay	present	the ground						tree rules
4	freeze	participle	the ground not said here				year		vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Example 1

Trees cannot grow on the tundra.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 grow	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 grow	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 grow	advmod
4	grow	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	on	on	ADP	_	7 tundra	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 tundra	det
7	tundra	tundra	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 grow	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 grow	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not grow	can	Trees			the tundra			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on tundra=Location

Example 2

Caribou travel across the tundra in huge herds.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Caribou	Caribou	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 travel	compound
2	travel	travel	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	across	across	ADP	_	5 tundra	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 tundra	det
5	tundra	tundra	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 travel	nmod
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 herds	case
7	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 herds	amod
8	herds	herd	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 travel	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 travel	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 3

In summer the tundra is covered with flowers and mosquitoes.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 summer	case
2	summer	summer	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 covered	obl
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 tundra	det
4	tundra	tundra	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 covered	nsubj:pass
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 covered	aux:pass
6	covered	cover	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	with	with	ADP	_	8 flowers	case
8	flowers	flower	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 covered	obl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 mosquitoes	cc
10	mosquitoes	mosquito	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 flowers	conj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 covered	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cover	present · passive		the tundra			summer	with flowers and mosquitoes	vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with flower=Theme

Example 4

Lemmings live on the Arctic tundra.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lemmings	lemming	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 live	nsubj
2	live	live	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	on	on	ADP	_	6 tundra	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 tundra	det
5	Arctic	arctic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 tundra	amod
6	tundra	tundra	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 live	obl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 live	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	live	present	Lemmings			the Arctic tundra			vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on tundra=Location

Example 5

The ground under the tundra is permafrost.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 ground	det
2	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 permafrost	nsubj
3	under	under	ADP	_	5 tundra	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 tundra	det
5	tundra	tundra	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 ground	nmod
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 permafrost	cop
7	permafrost	permafrost	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 permafrost	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the ground under the tundra	permafrost					tree rules

Example 6

We made a model of the tundra biome in class.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 made	nsubj
2	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 model	det
4	model	model	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 made	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	8 biome	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 biome	det
7	tundra	tundra	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 biome	compound
8	biome	biome	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 model	nmod
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 class	case
10	class	class	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 biome	nmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past	We	a model of the tundra biome in class					vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent model=Product
2	model			the tundra biome in class					nom model «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/T/tundra/