underestimate Who acts: amount, size, I, walk, they, underestimate · What happens: underestimate, mean, guess, be, take, think · To what, where: person, guess, jar, 50, small dog, team · Speech: someone speaks here
«underestimate» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: underestimate in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To underestimate means to guess that an amount, size or time is smaller than it really is: «I underestimated how long the walk would take.».
The tree, 25 words mark csubj mark xcomp mark det nsubj punct conj cc conj cop obj mark nsubj advmod advcl punct punct nsubj parataxis advmod advmod det nsubj aux ccomp punct punct punct root To PART underestimate VERB means VERB to PART guess VERB that SCONJ an DET amount NOUN , PUNCT size NOUN or CCONJ time NOUN is AUX smaller ADJ than SCONJ it PRON really ADV is VERB : PUNCT « PUNCT I PRON underestimated VERB how ADV long ADV the DET walk NOUN would AUX take VERB . PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 underestimate mark 2 underestimate underestimate VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means csubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 guess mark 5 guess guess VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means xcomp 6 that that SCONJ _ 14 smaller mark 7 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 amount det 8 amount amount NOUN Number=Sing 14 smaller nsubj 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 size punct 10 size size NOUN Number=Sing 8 amount conj 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 time cc 12 time time NOUN Number=Sing 8 amount conj 13 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 smaller cop 14 smaller small ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 guess obj 15 than than SCONJ _ 18 is mark 16 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 18 is nsubj 17 really really ADV _ 18 is advmod 18 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 smaller advcl 19 : : PUNCT _ 22 underestimated punct 20 « « PUNCT _ 22 underestimated punct 21 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 22 underestimated nsubj 22 underestimated underestimate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 means parataxis 23 how how ADV PronType=Int 24 long advmod 24 long long ADV Degree=Pos 28 take advmod 25 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 26 walk det 26 walk walk NOUN Number=Sing 28 take nsubj 27 would would AUX VerbForm=Fin 28 take aux 28 take take VERB VerbForm=Inf 22 underestimated ccomp 29 . . PUNCT _ 28 take punct 30 » » PUNCT _ 22 underestimated punct 31 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 underestimate to-infinitive vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 guess not said to happen to-infinitive vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 4 is present a amount and size or time small property tree rules 5 be present size vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 6 underestimate in a quote past I vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 7 take in a quote would the walk long property vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To underestimate a person means to think they are less clever, strong or able than they really are.
The tree, 18 words mark csubj det obj mark xcomp nsubj cop advmod ccomp punct conj cc conj mark nsubj advmod advcl punct root To PART underestimate VERB a DET person NOUN means VERB to PART think VERB they PRON are AUX less ADV clever ADJ , PUNCT strong ADJ or CCONJ able ADJ than SCONJ they PRON really ADV are VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 underestimate mark 2 underestimate underestimate VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 means csubj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 person det 4 person person NOUN Number=Sing 2 underestimate obj 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 to to PART _ 7 think mark 7 think think VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 means xcomp 8 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 clever nsubj 9 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 clever cop 10 less less ADV Degree=Cmp 11 clever advmod 11 clever clever ADJ Degree=Pos 7 think ccomp 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 strong punct 13 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 11 clever conj 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 able cc 15 able able ADJ Degree=Pos 11 clever conj 16 than than SCONJ _ 19 are mark 17 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 are nsubj 18 really really ADV _ 19 are advmod 19 are be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 able advcl 20 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 underestimate to-infinitive a person vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent person=Theme 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 think speech: other not said to happen to-infinitive vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 is present they clever, less property tree rules 5 be they not said here tree rules 6 be they not said here tree rules 7 does present they vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Meaning 3 An underestimate (noun) is a guess that is too low.
det nsubj punct appos punct cop det nsubj cop advmod acl:relcl punct root An DET underestimate NOUN ( PUNCT noun NOUN ) PUNCT is AUX a DET guess NOUN that PRON is AUX too ADV low ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 underestimate det 2 underestimate underestimate NOUN Number=Sing 8 guess nsubj 3 ( ( PUNCT _ 4 noun punct 4 noun noun NOUN Number=Sing 2 underestimate appos 5 ) ) PUNCT _ 4 noun punct 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 guess cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 guess det 8 guess guess NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 low nsubj 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 low cop 11 too too ADV _ 12 low advmod 12 low low ADJ Degree=Pos 8 guess acl:relcl 13 . . PUNCT _ 8 guess punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a underestimate a guess tree rules 2 is present a guess low property tree rules
Example 1 I underestimated how many sweets were in the jar: I said 50 and there were 72.
The tree, 16 words nsubj advmod amod nsubj cop case det ccomp punct nsubj parataxis obj cc expl conj nsubj punct root I PRON underestimated VERB how ADV many ADJ sweets NOUN were AUX in ADP the DET jar NOUN : PUNCT I PRON said VERB 50 NUM and CCONJ there PRON were VERB 72 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 underestimated nsubj 2 underestimated underestimate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 how how ADV PronType=Int 4 many advmod 4 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 5 sweets amod 5 sweets sweet NOUN Number=Plur 9 jar nsubj 6 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 jar cop 7 in in ADP _ 9 jar case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 jar det 9 jar jar NOUN Number=Sing 2 underestimated ccomp 10 : : PUNCT _ 12 said punct 11 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 12 said nsubj 12 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 underestimated parataxis 13 50 50 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 12 said obj 14 and and CCONJ _ 16 were cc 15 there there PRON PronType=Dem 16 were expl 16 were be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 said conj 17 72 72 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 16 were nsubj 18 . . PUNCT _ 2 underestimated punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 underestimate past I vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent 2 is past many sweets the jar tree rules 3 say speech: assert past I 50 vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent 50=Topic 4 be past 72 there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 2 Never underestimate a small dog!
advmod det amod obj punct root Never ADV underestimate VERB a DET small ADJ dog NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Never never ADV PronType=Neg 2 underestimate advmod 2 underestimate underestimate VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 dog det 4 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 5 dog amod 5 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 2 underestimate obj 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 underestimate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not underestimate imperative you not said here a small dog vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent dog=Theme
Example 3 The champions underestimated our team and lost 2–1.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj cc conj obj case nmod punct root The DET champions NOUN underestimated VERB our PRON team NOUN and CCONJ lost VERB 2 NUM – SYM 1 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 champions det 2 champions champion NOUN Number=Plur 3 underestimated nsubj 3 underestimated underestimate VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 team nmod:poss 5 team team NOUN Number=Sing 3 underestimated obj 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 lost cc 7 lost lose VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 underestimated conj 8 2 2 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 lost obj 9 – – SYM ExtPos=ADP 10 1 case 10 1 1 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 8 2 nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 underestimated punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 underestimate participle the champions our team vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent team=Theme 2 lose past the champions not said here 2 – 1 vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2=Eventuality
Example 4 Rounding 48 and 37 down to 40 and 30 gives an underestimate of their sum.
The tree, 15 words csubj obj cc conj advmod case obl cc conj det obj case nmod:poss nmod punct root Rounding VERB 48 NUM and CCONJ 37 NUM down ADV to ADP 40 NUM and CCONJ 30 NUM gives VERB an DET underestimate NOUN of ADP their PRON sum NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rounding round VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 gives csubj 2 48 48 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 1 Rounding obj 3 and and CCONJ _ 4 37 cc 4 37 37 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 2 48 conj 5 down down ADV _ 7 40 advmod 6 to to ADP _ 7 40 case 7 40 40 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 1 Rounding obl 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 30 cc 9 30 30 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 40 conj 10 gives give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 11 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 underestimate det 12 underestimate underestimate NOUN Number=Sing 10 gives obj 13 of of ADP _ 15 sum case 14 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 15 sum nmod:poss 15 sum sum NOUN Number=Sing 12 underestimate nmod 16 . . PUNCT _ 10 gives punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 round gerund 48 to 40 result vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent 48=Patient to 40=Result 2 give present Rounding a underestimate of their sum vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent underestimate=Theme 3 underestimate their sum nom underestimate «cognition transitive»: of=patient 4 sum their = they nom sum «possession transitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 People often underestimate how cold the sea is in spring.
nsubj advmod advmod amod det nsubj cop case obl:unmarked punct root People NOUN often ADV underestimate VERB how ADV cold ADJ the DET sea NOUN is AUX in ADP spring NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 People people NOUN Number=Plur 3 underestimate nsubj 2 often often ADV _ 3 underestimate advmod 3 underestimate underestimate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 how how ADV PronType=Int 5 cold advmod 5 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos 10 spring amod 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 sea det 7 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 10 spring nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 spring cop 9 in in ADP _ 10 spring case 10 spring spring NOUN Number=Sing 3 underestimate obl:unmarked 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 underestimate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 underestimate present People often property vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent 2 is present the sea in cold spring tree rules
Example 6 Don't underestimate the danger of swimming in a river.
aux advmod det obj case nmod case det obl punct root Do AUX n't PART underestimate VERB the DET danger NOUN of ADP swimming NOUN in ADP a DET river NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 underestimate aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 underestimate advmod 3 underestimate underestimate VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 danger det 5 danger danger NOUN Number=Sing 3 underestimate obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 swimming case 7 swimming swimming NOUN Number=Sing 5 danger nmod 8 in in ADP _ 10 river case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 river det 10 river river NOUN Number=Sing 3 underestimate obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 underestimate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not underestimate imperative · do-support you not said here the danger of swimming a river vn characterize-29.2-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent danger=Theme
Example 7 200 is an underestimate; the real number is 230.
nsubj cop det punct det amod nsubj cop obl punct root 200 NUM is AUX an DET underestimate NOUN ; PUNCT the DET real ADJ number NOUN is AUX 230 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 200 200 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 underestimate nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 underestimate cop 3 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 underestimate det 4 underestimate underestimate NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 ; ; PUNCT _ 10 230 punct 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 number det 7 real real ADJ Degree=Pos 8 number amod 8 number number NOUN Number=Sing 10 230 nsubj 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 230 cop 10 230 230 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 underestimate obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 underestimate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present 200 a underestimate tree rules 2 is a present the real number 230 tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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