undergrowth Who acts: Undergrowth, small plants, rabbit, We, Many beetles, fox · What happens: be, grow, rustle, vanish, push, live · To what, where: bushes, trees, undergrowth, way, thick undergrowth, forest undergrowth · Speech: someone speaks here
«undergrowth» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: undergrowth in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Undergrowth is the bushes, ferns, small plants and tangled stems that grow thickly under the trees in a wood or forest.
The tree, 21 words nsubj cop det punct conj punct amod conj cc amod conj nsubj acl:relcl xcomp case det obl case det obl cc conj punct root Undergrowth NOUN is AUX the DET bushes NOUN , PUNCT ferns NOUN , PUNCT small ADJ plants NOUN and CCONJ tangled ADJ stems NOUN that PRON grow VERB thickly ADJ under ADP the DET trees NOUN in ADP a DET wood NOUN or CCONJ forest NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Undergrowth undergrowth NOUN Number=Sing 4 bushes nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 bushes cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 bushes det 4 bushes bush NOUN Number=Plur root root 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 ferns punct 6 ferns fern NOUN Number=Plur 4 bushes conj 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 plants punct 8 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 9 plants amod 9 plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 4 bushes conj 10 and and CCONJ _ 12 stems cc 11 tangled tangled ADJ Degree=Pos 12 stems amod 12 stems stem NOUN Number=Plur 9 plants conj 13 that that PRON PronType=Rel 14 grow nsubj 14 grow grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 plants acl:relcl 15 thickly thickly ADJ Degree=Pos 14 grow xcomp 16 under under ADP _ 18 trees case 17 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 18 trees det 18 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 14 grow obl 19 in in ADP _ 21 wood case 20 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 21 wood det 21 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 14 grow obl 22 or or CCONJ _ 23 forest cc 23 forest forest NOUN Number=Sing 21 wood conj 24 . . PUNCT _ 4 bushes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Undergrowth the bushes and ferns and small plants and tangled stems tree rules 2 grow present small plants and tangled stems the trees in a wood or forest; thickly property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under tree=Location
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 Something rustled in the undergrowth.
acl case det obl punct root Something PRON rustled VERB in ADP the DET undergrowth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind root root 2 rustled rustle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 1 Something acl 3 in in ADP _ 5 undergrowth case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 undergrowth det 5 undergrowth undergrowth NOUN Number=Sing 2 rustled obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 1 Something punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rustle participle the undergrowth vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in undergrowth=Location
Example 2 The rabbit vanished into the undergrowth.
det nsubj case det obl punct root The DET rabbit NOUN vanished VERB into ADP the DET undergrowth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 rabbit det 2 rabbit rabbit NOUN Number=Sing 3 vanished nsubj 3 vanished vanish VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 into into ADP _ 6 undergrowth case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 undergrowth det 6 undergrowth undergrowth NOUN Number=Sing 3 vanished obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 vanished punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 vanish past the rabbit the undergrowth vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 We pushed our way through the thick undergrowth.
nsubj nmod:poss obj case det amod obl punct root We PRON pushed VERB our PRON way NOUN through ADP the DET thick ADJ undergrowth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 pushed nsubj 2 pushed push VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 way nmod:poss 4 way way NOUN Number=Sing 2 pushed obj 5 through through ADP _ 8 undergrowth case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 undergrowth det 7 thick thick ADJ Degree=Pos 8 undergrowth amod 8 undergrowth undergrowth NOUN Number=Sing 2 pushed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 pushed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 push past We our way the thick undergrowth vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent way=Theme through undergrowth=Trajectory
Example 4 Many beetles and spiders live in the forest undergrowth.
amod nsubj cc conj case det compound obl punct root Many ADJ beetles NOUN and CCONJ spiders NOUN live VERB in ADP the DET forest NOUN undergrowth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Many many ADJ Degree=Pos 2 beetles amod 2 beetles beetle NOUN Number=Plur 5 live nsubj 3 and and CCONJ _ 4 spiders cc 4 spiders spider NOUN Number=Plur 2 beetles conj 5 live live VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 in in ADP _ 9 undergrowth case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 undergrowth det 8 forest forest NOUN Number=Sing 9 undergrowth compound 9 undergrowth undergrowth NOUN Number=Sing 5 live obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 live punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 live present Many beetles and spiders the forest undergrowth vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in undergrowth=Location
Example 5 The fox hid in the undergrowth until the dogs had gone.
det nsubj case det obl mark det nsubj aux advcl punct root The DET fox NOUN hid VERB in ADP the DET undergrowth NOUN until SCONJ the DET dogs NOUN had AUX gone VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 fox det 2 fox fox NOUN Number=Sing 3 hid nsubj 3 hid hide VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 in in ADP _ 6 undergrowth case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 undergrowth det 6 undergrowth undergrowth NOUN Number=Sing 3 hid obl 7 until until SCONJ _ 11 gone mark 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 dogs det 9 dogs dog NOUN Number=Plur 11 gone nsubj 10 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 11 gone aux 11 gone go VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 3 hid advcl 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 hid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hide past the fox the undergrowth vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in undergrowth=Location 2 go past · perfect the dogs vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 Brambles in the undergrowth scratched our legs.
nsubj case det nmod nmod:poss obj punct root Brambles NOUN in ADP the DET undergrowth NOUN scratched VERB our PRON legs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Brambles bramble NOUN Number=Plur 5 scratched nsubj 2 in in ADP _ 4 undergrowth case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 undergrowth det 4 undergrowth undergrowth NOUN Number=Sing 1 Brambles nmod 5 scratched scratch VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 legs nmod:poss 7 legs leg NOUN Number=Plur 5 scratched obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 scratched punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 scratch past Brambles in the undergrowth our legs vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Theme
Example 7 Then there was a great rustling in the undergrowth, and out ran a wild boar, grunting, ‘Umph, umph, umph; someone said dinner was ready.
The tree, 24 words advmod expl cop det amod nsubj case det nmod punct cc advmod det amod obj punct advcl punct punct obj punct conj punct conj punct nsubj conj nsubj cop ccomp punct root Then ADV there PRON was AUX a DET great ADJ rustling NOUN in ADP the DET undergrowth NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ out ADV ran VERB a DET wild ADJ boar NOUN , PUNCT grunting VERB , PUNCT ‘ PUNCT Umph PROPN , PUNCT umph NOUN , PUNCT umph NOUN ; PUNCT someone PRON said VERB dinner NOUN was AUX ready ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Then then ADV PronType=Dem 3 was advmod 2 there there PRON PronType=Dem 3 was expl 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 13 ran cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 rustling det 5 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 6 rustling amod 6 rustling rustling NOUN Number=Sing 3 was nsubj 7 in in ADP _ 9 undergrowth case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 undergrowth det 9 undergrowth undergrowth NOUN Number=Sing 6 rustling nmod 10 , , PUNCT _ 13 ran punct 11 and and CCONJ _ 13 ran cc 12 out out ADV _ 13 ran advmod 13 ran run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 boar det 15 wild wild ADJ Degree=Pos 16 boar amod 16 boar boar NOUN Number=Sing 13 ran obj 17 , , PUNCT _ 18 grunting punct 18 grunting grunt VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 13 ran advcl 19 , , PUNCT _ 21 Umph punct 20 ‘ ' PUNCT _ 21 Umph punct 21 Umph Umph PROPN Number=Sing 18 grunting obj 22 , , PUNCT _ 23 umph punct 23 umph umph NOUN Number=Sing 21 Umph conj 24 , , PUNCT _ 25 umph punct 25 umph umph NOUN Number=Sing 21 Umph conj 26 ; ; PUNCT _ 28 said punct 27 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 28 said nsubj 28 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 13 ran conj 29 dinner dinner NOUN Number=Sing 31 ready nsubj 30 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 31 ready cop 31 ready ready ADJ Degree=Pos 28 said ccomp 32 . . PUNCT _ 13 ran punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past out, run property tree rules 2 grunt gerund Umph and umph and umph vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent umph=Theme 3 say speech: assert past someone vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 4 is past dinner ready property tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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