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undertake

Who acts: He, class, Scientists, She, Building, you · What happens: agree, do, take, promise, overtake, undertake · To what, where: piece, job, something, vehicle, wrong side, money · Speech: someone speaks here

«undertake» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: undertake in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

To agree to do a piece of work or take on a job or task, often a big or hard one.

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 agree	mark
2	agree	agree	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 do	mark
4	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 agree	xcomp
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 piece	det
6	piece	piece	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 do	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 work	case
8	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 piece	nmod
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 take	cc
10	take	take	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 do	conj
11	on	on	ADP	_	13 job	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 job	det
13	job	job	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 take	obl
14	or	or	CCONJ	_	15 task	cc
15	task	task	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 job	conj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 one	punct
17	often	often	ADV	_	22 one	advmod
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	22 one	det
19	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 one	amod
20	or	or	CCONJ	_	21 hard	cc
21	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 big	conj
22	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 job	conj
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 agree	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	agree speech: agree	to-infinitive							vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	do not said to happen	to-infinitive		a piece of work					vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent piece=Eventuality
3	take	infinitive				a job or task and a big one			vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on job=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

To promise to do something.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 promise	mark
2	promise	promise	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 do	mark
4	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 promise	xcomp
5	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	4 do	obj
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 promise	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	promise speech: promise	to-infinitive							vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	do not said to happen	to-infinitive		something					vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality

The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

He undertook to pay the money back.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 undertook	nsubj
2	undertook	undertake	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 pay	mark
4	pay	pay	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 undertook	xcomp
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 money	det
6	money	money	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 pay	obj
7	back	back	ADV	_	4 pay	advmod
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 undertook	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	undertake	past	He						vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
2	pay back	to-infinitive	He not said here	the money					vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset

Meaning 3

Usage: UK, informal driving — kept apart, not parsed.

To overtake a vehicle on the wrong side (the inside lane).

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 overtake	mark
2	overtake	overtake	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 vehicle	det
4	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 overtake	obj
5	on	on	ADP	_	8 side	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 side	det
7	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 side	amod
8	side	side	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 overtake	obl
9	(	(	PUNCT	_	12 lane	punct
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 lane	det
11	inside	inside	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 lane	amod
12	lane	lane	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 side	appos
13	)	)	PUNCT	_	12 lane	punct
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 overtake	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	overtake	to-infinitive		a vehicle		the wrong side			tree rules

Example 1

Our class undertook a project on recycling.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 class	nmod:poss
2	class	class	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 undertook	nsubj
3	undertook	undertake	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 project	det
5	project	project	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 undertook	obj
6	on	on	ADP	_	7 recycling	case
7	recycling	recycling	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 undertook	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 undertook	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	undertake	past	Our class	a project		recycling			vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent project=Eventuality

Example 2

Scientists undertook a long study of whales.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 undertook	nsubj
2	undertook	undertake	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 study	det
4	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 study	amod
5	study	study	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 undertook	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 whales	case
7	whales	whale	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 study	nmod
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 undertook	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	undertake	past	Scientists	a long study of whales					vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent study=Eventuality
2	study			whales					nom study «act transitive»: of=patient

Example 3

She undertook to look after the class hamster.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 undertook	nsubj
2	undertook	undertake	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 look	mark
4	look	look	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 undertook	xcomp
5	after	after	ADP	_	8 hamster	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 hamster	det
7	class	class	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 hamster	compound
8	hamster	hamster	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 look	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 undertook	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	undertake	past	She						vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
2	look	to-infinitive	She not said here				after the class hamster		vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus

Example 4

Building the new bridge is a huge undertaking.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Building	build	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 undertaking	csubj
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 bridge	det
3	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 bridge	amod
4	bridge	bridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Building	obj
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 undertaking	cop
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 undertaking	det
7	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 undertaking	amod
8	undertaking	undertaking	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 undertaking	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	build	gerund		the new bridge					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset bridge=Product
2	is a	present	Building	a huge undertaking					tree rules

Example 5

Don't undertake a long hike without enough water.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Do	do	AUX	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	3 undertake	aux
2	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	3 undertake	advmod
3	undertake	undertake	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 hike	det
5	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 hike	amod
6	hike	hike	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 undertake	obj
7	without	without	ADP	_	9 water	case
8	enough	enough	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 water	amod
9	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 undertake	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 undertake	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not undertake	imperative · do-support	you not said here	a long hike				without enough water	vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hike=Eventuality

Example 6

It is dangerous to undertake on the motorway.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 dangerous	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 dangerous	cop
3	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	5 undertake	mark
5	undertake	undertake	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 dangerous	xcomp
6	on	on	ADP	_	8 motorway	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 motorway	det
8	motorway	motorway	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 undertake	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 dangerous	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It					dangerous property	tree rules
2	undertake	to-infinitive				the motorway			vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

Example 7

“I will undertake the defence,” said Fionn.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	“	"	PUNCT	_	4 undertake	punct
2	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	4 undertake	nsubj
3	will	will	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 undertake	aux
4	undertake	undertake	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 said	ccomp
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 defence	det
6	defence	defence	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 undertake	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 undertake	punct
8	”	"	PUNCT	_	4 undertake	punct
9	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	Fionn	Fionn	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 said	nsubj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 said	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	undertake in a quote	future	Fionn	the defence					vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent defence=Eventuality
2	say speech: assert	past	Fionn						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/U/undertake/