vestigial Who acts: body, Ostriches, vestigial wings, Whales, kiwi, Scientists · What happens: describe, be, become, remain, use, have · To what, where: part, vestigial wings, wings, air, small vestigial leg bones, bodies · Speech: someone speaks here
«vestigial» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: vestigial in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.
Describing a part of a body that is still there but has become small or useless over a very long time, such as the tiny leg bones inside some snakes.
The tree, 30 words det obj case det nmod nsubj cop advmod acl:relcl cc aux conj xcomp cc conj case det advmod amod obl punct case fixed det amod compound appos case det nmod punct root Describing VERB a DET part NOUN of ADP a DET body NOUN that PRON is AUX still ADV there ADV but CCONJ has AUX become VERB small ADJ or CCONJ useless ADJ over ADP a DET very ADV long ADJ time NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP the DET tiny ADJ leg NOUN bones NOUN inside ADP some DET snakes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Describing describe VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 part det 3 part part NOUN Number=Sing 1 Describing obj 4 of of ADP _ 6 body case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 body det 6 body body NOUN Number=Sing 3 part nmod 7 that that PRON PronType=Rel 10 there nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 there cop 9 still still ADV _ 10 there advmod 10 there there ADV PronType=Dem 6 body acl:relcl 11 but but CCONJ _ 13 become cc 12 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 become aux 13 become become VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 1 Describing conj 14 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 13 become xcomp 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 useless cc 16 useless useless ADJ Degree=Pos 14 small conj 17 over over ADP _ 21 time case 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 21 time det 19 very very ADV _ 20 long advmod 20 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 21 time amod 21 time time NOUN Number=Sing 16 useless obl 22 , , PUNCT _ 28 bones punct 23 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 28 bones case 24 as as ADP _ 23 such fixed 25 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 28 bones det 26 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 28 bones amod 27 leg leg NOUN Number=Sing 28 bones compound 28 bones bone NOUN Number=Plur 21 time appos 29 inside inside ADP _ 31 snakes case 30 some some DET PronType=Ind 31 snakes det 31 snakes snake NOUN Number=Plur 28 bones nmod 32 . . PUNCT _ 1 Describing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 describe gerund a part of a body vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent part=Theme 2 is present a body still there property tree rules 3 become present · perfect small property vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
Remaining as a small trace or bit of something that used to be bigger or more important.
The tree, 17 words case det amod obl cc conj case nmod nsubj acl:relcl mark cop xcomp cc advmod conj punct root Remaining VERB as ADP a DET small ADJ trace NOUN or CCONJ bit NOUN of ADP something PRON that PRON used VERB to PART be AUX bigger ADJ or CCONJ more ADJ important ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Remaining remain VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 as as ADP _ 5 trace case 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 trace det 4 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 5 trace amod 5 trace trace NOUN Number=Sing 1 Remaining obl 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 bit cc 7 bit bit NOUN Number=Sing 5 trace conj 8 of of ADP _ 9 something case 9 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 bit nmod 10 that that PRON PronType=Rel 11 used nsubj 11 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 something acl:relcl 12 to to PART _ 14 bigger mark 13 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 14 bigger cop 14 bigger big ADJ Degree=Cmp 11 used xcomp 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 more cc 16 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp 17 important advmod 17 important important ADJ Degree=Pos 14 bigger conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 1 Remaining punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 remain gerund as a small trace or bit of something vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 use past vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is to-infinitive big property tree rules 4 be tree rules
Example 1 Ostriches have vestigial wings that cannot lift them into the air.
nsubj amod obj nsubj aux advmod acl:relcl obj case det obl punct root Ostriches NOUN have VERB vestigial ADJ wings NOUN that PRON can AUX not PART lift VERB them PRON into ADP the DET air NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ostriches ostrich NOUN Number=Plur 2 have nsubj 2 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 vestigial vestigial ADJ Degree=Pos 4 wings amod 4 wings wing NOUN Number=Plur 2 have obj 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 8 lift nsubj 6 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 8 lift aux 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 lift advmod 8 lift lift VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 wings acl:relcl 9 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 lift obj 10 into into ADP _ 12 air case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 air det 12 air air NOUN Number=Sing 8 lift obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Ostriches vestigial wings vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient 2 not lift can vestigial wings wings = wing the air vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent they=Theme into air=Destination
Example 2 Whales have small vestigial leg bones inside their bodies.
nsubj amod amod compound obj case nmod:poss nmod punct root Whales NOUN have VERB small ADJ vestigial ADJ leg NOUN bones NOUN inside ADP their PRON bodies NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Whales whale NOUN Number=Plur 2 have nsubj 2 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 6 bones amod 4 vestigial vestigial ADJ Degree=Pos 6 bones amod 5 leg leg NOUN Number=Sing 6 bones compound 6 bones bone NOUN Number=Plur 2 have obj 7 inside inside ADP _ 9 bodies case 8 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 bodies nmod:poss 9 bodies body NOUN Number=Plur 6 bones nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Whales small vestigial leg bones Whales's bodies vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient
Example 3 The human tailbone is often called a vestigial part.
det amod nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod det amod xcomp punct root The DET human ADJ tailbone NOUN is AUX often ADV called VERB a DET vestigial ADJ part NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 tailbone det 2 human human ADJ Degree=Pos 3 tailbone amod 3 tailbone tailbone NOUN Number=Sing 6 called nsubj:pass 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 called aux:pass 5 often often ADV _ 6 called advmod 6 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 part det 8 vestigial vestigial ADJ Degree=Pos 9 part amod 9 part part NOUN Number=Sing 6 called xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call present · passive the human tailbone often property vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 4 The kiwi has tiny vestigial wings hidden under its feathers.
det nsubj amod amod obj acl case nmod:poss obl punct root The DET kiwi NOUN has VERB tiny ADJ vestigial ADJ wings NOUN hidden VERB under ADP its PRON feathers NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 kiwi det 2 kiwi kiwi NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 6 wings amod 5 vestigial vestigial ADJ Degree=Pos 6 wings amod 6 wings wing NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 7 hidden hide VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 wings acl 8 under under ADP _ 10 feathers case 9 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 feathers nmod:poss 10 feathers feather NOUN Number=Plur 7 hidden obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the kiwi tiny vestigial wings vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient 2 hide participle tiny vestigial wings not said here kiwi's feathers vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent under feather=Location
Example 5 Scientists study vestigial organs to learn how animals changed.
nsubj amod obj mark advcl advmod nsubj ccomp punct root Scientists NOUN study VERB vestigial ADJ organs NOUN to PART learn VERB how ADV animals NOUN changed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 study nsubj 2 study study VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 vestigial vestigial ADJ Degree=Pos 4 organs amod 4 organs organ NOUN Number=Plur 2 study obj 5 to to PART _ 6 learn mark 6 learn learn VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 study advcl 7 how how ADV PronType=Int 9 changed advmod 8 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 9 changed nsubj 9 changed change VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 learn ccomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 study punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present Scientists vestigial organs vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent organ=Topic 2 learn to-infinitive Scientists not said here vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 change past animals vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 Only a vestigial bit of the old castle wall is left.
advmod det amod nsubj:pass case det amod compound nmod aux:pass punct root Only ADV a DET vestigial ADJ bit NOUN of ADP the DET old ADJ castle NOUN wall NOUN is AUX left VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Only only ADV _ 4 bit advmod 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 bit det 3 vestigial vestigial ADJ Degree=Pos 4 bit amod 4 bit bit NOUN Number=Sing 11 left nsubj:pass 5 of of ADP _ 9 wall case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 wall det 7 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 9 wall amod 8 castle castle NOUN Number=Sing 9 wall compound 9 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 4 bit nmod 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 left aux:pass 11 left leave VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 12 . . PUNCT _ 11 left punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leave present · passive a vestigial bit of the old castle wall vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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