vicious

Who acts: vicious circle, one problem, Spreading, vicious wind, roof, She · What happens: want, hurt, bite, attack, be, cause · To what, where: bad situation, another, vicious dog, high fence, vicious rumours, kind

«vicious» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: vicious in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Cruel and wanting to hurt; violent: a vicious attack.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cruel	cruel	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 violent	amod
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 wanting	cc
3	wanting	want	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	1 Cruel	conj
4	to	to	PART	_	5 hurt	mark
5	hurt	hurt	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 wanting	xcomp
6	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 violent	punct
7	violent	violent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
8	:	:	PUNCT	_	11 attack	punct
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 attack	det
10	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 attack	amod
11	attack	attack	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 violent	obl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 violent	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	want	gerund							vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme
2	hurt not said to happen	to-infinitive							vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: of an animal — kept apart, not parsed.

Dangerous and likely to bite or attack.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 likely	cc
3	likely	likely	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Dangerous	conj
4	to	to	PART	_	5 bite	mark
5	bite	bite	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 likely	xcomp
6	or	or	CCONJ	_	7 attack	cc
7	attack	attack	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 bite	conj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Dangerous	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bite	to-infinitive							vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
2	attack	infinitive							vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Meaning 3

Very strong or severe: a vicious storm, a vicious headache.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Very	very	ADV	_	2 strong	advmod
2	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
3	or	or	CCONJ	_	4 severe	cc
4	severe	severe	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 strong	conj
5	:	:	PUNCT	_	8 storm	punct
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 storm	det
7	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 storm	amod
8	storm	storm	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 strong	conj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 headache	punct
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 headache	det
11	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 headache	amod
12	headache	headache	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 storm	conj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 strong	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Meaning 4

«A vicious circle» is a bad situation where one problem causes another that makes the first worse.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	4 circle	punct
2	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 circle	det
3	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 circle	amod
4	circle	circle	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 situation	nsubj
5	»	»	PUNCT	_	4 circle	punct
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 situation	cop
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 situation	det
8	bad	bad	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 situation	amod
9	situation	situation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	13 causes	advmod
11	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	12 problem	nummod
12	problem	problem	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 causes	nsubj
13	causes	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 situation	acl:relcl
14	another	another	DET	PronType=Ind	13 causes	obj
15	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	16 makes	nsubj
16	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 another	acl:relcl
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 first	det
18	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	16 makes	xcomp
19	worse	bad	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	18 first	xcomp
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 situation	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a vicious circle	a bad situation		tree rules
2	cause	present	one problem	another		vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition another=Patient
3	make	present			first property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Example 1

The vicious dog was kept behind a high fence.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 dog	det
2	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 dog	amod
3	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 kept	nsubj:pass
4	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 kept	aux:pass
5	kept	keep	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	behind	behind	ADP	_	9 fence	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 fence	det
8	high	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 fence	amod
9	fence	fence	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 kept	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 kept	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	keep	past · passive		the vicious dog		a high fence			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme behind fence=Location

Example 2

Spreading vicious rumours is a kind of bullying.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Spreading	spread	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 kind	csubj
2	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 rumours	amod
3	rumours	rumour	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Spreading	obj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 kind	cop
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 kind	det
6	kind	kind	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 bullying	case
8	bullying	bullying	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 kind	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 kind	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spread	gerund		vicious rumours					vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location rumour=Theme
2	is a	present	Spreading	a kind				of bullying	tree rules

Example 3

A vicious wind blew the roof tiles off.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 wind	det
2	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 wind	amod
3	wind	wind	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 blew	nsubj
4	blew	blow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 roof	det
6	roof	roof	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 tiles	nsubj
7	tiles	tile	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 blew	ccomp
8	off	off	ADP	_	7 tiles	compound:prt
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 blew	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	blow	past	a vicious wind						tree rules
2	tile off	present	the roof						vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent

Example 4

She has a vicious cough.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 cough	det
4	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cough	amod
5	cough	cough	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 has	obj
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	She	a vicious cough					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cough=Patient

Example 5

Not sleeping made him tired, and being tired made him unable to sleep: a vicious circle.

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	3 made	advmod
2	sleeping	sleep	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 made	aux:pass
3	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 made	obj
5	tired	tired	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 made	xcomp
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 made	punct
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 made	cc
8	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	9 tired	cop
9	tired	tired	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 made	advcl
10	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 made	parataxis
11	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 made	obj
12	unable	unable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 made	xcomp
13	to	to	PART	_	14 sleep	mark
14	sleep	sleep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	12 unable	xcomp
15	:	:	PUNCT	_	18 circle	punct
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 circle	det
17	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 circle	amod
18	circle	circle	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 made	obl
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	not make	gerund · passive		him = he	a vicious circle obl; tired property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: he=Product
2	is	gerund			tired property	tree rules
3	make	past		him = he	unable property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset he=Product
4	sleep	to-infinitive	him = he not said here			vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 6

The villain gave a vicious laugh.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 villain	det
2	villain	villain	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 gave	nsubj
3	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 laugh	det
5	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 laugh	amod
6	laugh	laugh	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 gave	obj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 gave	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	past	the villain	a vicious laugh					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent laugh=Theme

Example 7

But soon after his father died, and his mother got married again to a man that turned out to be a very vicious step-father, who couldn't abide the little boy.

The tree, 32 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	But	but	CCONJ	_	6 died	cc
2	soon	soon	ADV	Degree=Pos	6 died	advmod
3	after	after	SCONJ	_	6 died	mark
4	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 father	nmod:poss
5	father	father	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 died	nsubj
6	died	die	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 married	punct
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 married	cc
9	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 mother	nmod:poss
10	mother	mother	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 married	nsubj:pass
11	got	get	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 married	aux:pass
12	married	marry	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 died	conj
13	again	again	ADV	_	12 married	advmod
14	to	to	ADP	_	16 man	case
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 man	det
16	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 married	obl
17	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	18 turned	nsubj
18	turned	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	16 man	acl:relcl
19	out	out	ADP	_	18 turned	compound:prt
20	to	to	PART	_	27 father	mark
21	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	27 father	cop
22	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	27 father	det
23	very	very	ADV	_	24 vicious	advmod
24	vicious	vicious	ADJ	Degree=Pos	27 father	amod
25	step	step	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 father	compound
26	-	-	PUNCT	_	25 step	punct
27	father	father	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 turned	xcomp
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	32 abide	punct
29	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	32 abide	nsubj
30	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	32 abide	aux
31	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	32 abide	advmod
32	abide	abide	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	27 father	conj
33	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	35 boy	det
34	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	35 boy	amod
35	boy	boy	NOUN	Number=Sing	32 abide	obj
36	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 died	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	die	past	his father			soon property	vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
2	marry	past · passive		father's mother	again	to a man	vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient to man=Co-Patient
3	turn out	past	a man				vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	is a	to-infinitive	a man not said here	a vicious step father			tree rules
5	not abide	could	a vicious step father	the little boy			tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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