volume Who acts: loud sound, something, you, I, volume, We · What happens: be, take up, hold, measure, amount, turn down · To what, where: cubic units, something, volume, 24 cubic centimetres, jug, hearing
«volume» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: volume in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 How loud a sound is (turn the volume up or down).
advmod amod det nsubj cop punct det obj advmod cc conj punct punct root How ADV loud ADJ a DET sound NOUN is AUX ( PUNCT turn VERB the DET volume NOUN up ADV or CCONJ down ADV ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 How how ADV PronType=Int 2 loud advmod 2 loud loud ADJ Degree=Pos 4 sound amod 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 sound det 4 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 7 turn nsubj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 turn cop 6 ( ( PUNCT _ 7 turn punct 7 turn turn VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 volume det 9 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 7 turn obj 10 up up ADV _ 7 turn advmod 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 down cc 12 down down ADV _ 10 up conj 13 ) ) PUNCT _ 7 turn punct 14 . . PUNCT _ 7 turn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a loud sound turn property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 How much space something takes up or holds, measured in cubic units or in litres and millilitres.
The tree, 17 words advmod amod compound nsubj compound:prt cc conj punct parataxis case amod obl cc case conj cc conj punct root How ADV much ADJ space NOUN something PRON takes VERB up ADP or CCONJ holds VERB , PUNCT measured VERB in ADP cubic ADJ units NOUN or CCONJ in ADP litres NOUN and CCONJ millilitres NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 How how ADV PronType=Int 2 much advmod 2 much much ADJ Degree=Pos 4 something amod 3 space space NOUN Number=Sing 4 something compound 4 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 takes nsubj 5 takes take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 up up ADP _ 5 takes compound:prt 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 holds cc 8 holds hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 takes conj 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 measured punct 10 measured measure VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 takes parataxis 11 in in ADP _ 13 units case 12 cubic cubic ADJ Degree=Pos 13 units amod 13 units unit NOUN Number=Plur 10 measured obl 14 or or CCONJ _ 16 litres cc 15 in in ADP _ 16 litres case 16 litres litre NOUN Number=Plur 13 units conj 17 and and CCONJ _ 18 millilitres cc 18 millilitres millilitre NOUN Number=Plur 13 units conj 19 . . PUNCT _ 5 takes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take up present something vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 hold present something not said here vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 measure participle cubic units or litres and millilitres vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme
Meaning 3 An amount of something, especially a large one (the volume of traffic).
The tree, 12 words det case nmod punct advmod det amod appos punct det appos case nmod punct punct root An DET amount NOUN of ADP something PRON , PUNCT especially ADV a DET large ADJ one NOUN ( PUNCT the DET volume NOUN of ADP traffic NOUN ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 amount det 2 amount amount NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 of of ADP _ 4 something case 4 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 amount nmod 5 , , PUNCT _ 9 one punct 6 especially especially ADV _ 9 one advmod 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 one det 8 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 9 one amod 9 one one NOUN Number=Sing 4 something appos 10 ( ( PUNCT _ 12 volume punct 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 volume det 12 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 9 one appos 13 of of ADP _ 14 traffic case 14 traffic traffic NOUN Number=Sing 12 volume nmod 15 ) ) PUNCT _ 12 volume punct 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 amount punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 amount something nom amount «possession transitive»: of=patient
Meaning 4 One book of a set or series (volume 3).
nummod case det nmod cc conj punct appos flat punct punct root One NUM book NOUN of ADP a DET set NOUN or CCONJ series NOUN ( PUNCT volume NOUN 3 NUM ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 One one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 2 book nummod 2 book book NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 of of ADP _ 5 set case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 set det 5 set set NOUN Number=Sing 2 book nmod 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 series cc 7 series series NOUN Number=Sing 5 set conj 8 ( ( PUNCT _ 9 volume punct 9 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 7 series appos 10 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 volume flat 11 ) ) PUNCT _ 9 volume punct 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 book punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 1 Please turn the volume down, I'm trying to sleep.
discourse det obj compound:prt punct nsubj aux advcl mark xcomp punct root Please INTJ turn VERB the DET volume NOUN down ADP , PUNCT I PRON 'm AUX trying VERB to PART sleep VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Please please INTJ _ 2 turn discourse 2 turn turn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 volume det 4 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 2 turn obj 5 down down ADP _ 2 turn compound:prt 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 trying punct 7 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 trying nsubj 8 'm be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 trying aux 9 trying try VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 turn advcl 10 to to PART _ 11 sleep mark 11 sleep sleep VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 trying xcomp 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 turn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 turn down imperative you not said here the volume vn reject-77.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volume=Theme 2 try present · progressive I vn try-61.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 3 sleep not said to happen to-infinitive I not said here vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 2 The volume of a box 2 cm by 3 cm by 4 cm is 24 cubic centimetres.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj case det nmod nummod nmod:unmarked case nummod nmod case nummod nmod cop nummod amod punct root The DET volume NOUN of ADP a DET box NOUN 2 NUM cm NOUN by ADP 3 NUM cm NOUN by ADP 4 NUM cm NOUN is AUX 24 NUM cubic ADJ centimetres NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 volume det 2 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 17 centimetres nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 box case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 box det 5 box box NOUN Number=Sing 2 volume nmod 6 2 2 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 cm nummod 7 cm cm NOUN Number=Plur 5 box nmod:unmarked 8 by by ADP _ 10 cm case 9 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 10 cm nummod 10 cm cm NOUN Number=Plur 2 volume nmod 11 by by ADP _ 13 cm case 12 4 4 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 13 cm nummod 13 cm cm NOUN Number=Plur 10 cm nmod 14 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 17 centimetres cop 15 24 24 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 17 centimetres nummod 16 cubic cubic ADJ Degree=Pos 17 centimetres amod 17 centimetres centimetre NOUN Number=Plur root root 18 . . PUNCT _ 17 centimetres punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the volume of a box 2 cm by 3 cm by 4 cm 24 cubic centimetres tree rules
Example 3 We measured the volume of water in the jug: 500 millilitres.
nsubj det obj case nmod case det obl punct nummod obl punct root We PRON measured VERB the DET volume NOUN of ADP water NOUN in ADP the DET jug NOUN : PUNCT 500 NUM millilitres NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 measured nsubj 2 measured measure VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 volume det 4 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 2 measured obj 5 of of ADP _ 6 water case 6 water water NOUN Number=Sing 4 volume nmod 7 in in ADP _ 9 jug case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 jug det 9 jug jug NOUN Number=Sing 2 measured obl 10 : : PUNCT _ 12 millilitres punct 11 500 500 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 12 millilitres nummod 12 millilitres millilitre NOUN Number=Plur 2 measured obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 measured punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 measure past We the volume of water the jug 500 millilitres obl vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme volume=Value
Example 4 Loud volume through headphones can damage your hearing.
amod nsubj case nmod aux nmod:poss obj punct root Loud ADJ volume NOUN through ADP headphones NOUN can AUX damage VERB your PRON hearing NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Loud loud ADJ Degree=Pos 2 volume amod 2 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 6 damage nsubj 3 through through ADP _ 4 headphones case 4 headphones headphone NOUN Number=Plur 2 volume nmod 5 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 damage aux 6 damage damage VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 hearing nmod:poss 8 hearing hearing NOUN Number=Sing 6 damage obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 damage punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 damage can Loud volume through headphones your hearing vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hearing=Patient 2 hear your nom hearing «act intransitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 The encyclopedia has twenty volumes.
det nsubj nummod obj punct root The DET encyclopedia NOUN has VERB twenty NUM volumes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 encyclopedia det 2 encyclopedia encyclopedia NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 twenty twenty NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 volumes nummod 5 volumes volume NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the encyclopedia twenty volumes vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volume=Patient
Example 6 Ice has a bigger volume than the same water as a liquid.
nsubj det amod obj case det amod nmod case det nmod punct root Ice NOUN has VERB a DET bigger ADJ volume NOUN than ADP the DET same ADJ water NOUN as ADP a DET liquid NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 2 has nsubj 2 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 volume det 4 bigger big ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 volume amod 5 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 2 has obj 6 than than ADP _ 9 water case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 water det 8 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 9 water amod 9 water water NOUN Number=Sing 5 volume nmod 10 as as ADP _ 12 liquid case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 liquid det 12 liquid liquid NOUN Number=Sing 9 water nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Ice a bigger volume than the same water as a liquid vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volume=Patient
Example 7 There was a huge volume of traffic on the motorway.
expl det amod nsubj case nmod case det nmod punct root There PRON was VERB a DET huge ADJ volume NOUN of ADP traffic NOUN on ADP the DET motorway NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 was expl 2 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 volume det 4 huge huge ADJ Degree=Pos 5 volume amod 5 volume volume NOUN Number=Sing 2 was nsubj 6 of of ADP _ 7 traffic case 7 traffic traffic NOUN Number=Sing 5 volume nmod 8 on on ADP _ 10 motorway case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 motorway det 10 motorway motorway NOUN Number=Sing 7 traffic nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past a huge volume of traffic on the motorway there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 8 And the bandmaster wrote a work of twenty-five volumes about the artificial bird.
The tree, 14 words cc det nsubj det obj case compound punct nummod nmod case det amod nmod punct root And CCONJ the DET bandmaster NOUN wrote VERB a DET work NOUN of ADP twenty NUM - PUNCT five NUM volumes NOUN about ADP the DET artificial ADJ bird NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 And and CCONJ _ 4 wrote cc 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 bandmaster det 3 bandmaster bandmaster NOUN Number=Sing 4 wrote nsubj 4 wrote write VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 work det 6 work work NOUN Number=Sing 4 wrote obj 7 of of ADP _ 11 volumes case 8 twenty twenty NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 10 five compound 9 - - PUNCT _ 8 twenty punct 10 five five NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 11 volumes nummod 11 volumes volume NOUN Number=Plur 6 work nmod 12 about about ADP _ 15 bird case 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 bird det 14 artificial artificial ADJ Degree=Pos 15 bird amod 15 bird bird NOUN Number=Sing 11 volumes nmod 16 . . PUNCT _ 4 wrote punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write past the bandmaster a work of five volumes about the artificial bird vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent work=Theme 2 work five volumes about the artificial bird nom work «act intransitive»: of=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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