welsh Who acts: Welsh, many people, this, She, Welsh flag, Many children · What happens: mean, do, be, speak, welsh, break · To what, where: old Celtic language, Wales, people, deal, promise, rude · Speech: someone speaks here
«welsh» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: welsh in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Welsh means from or to do with Wales, a country in the United Kingdom.
The tree, 14 words nsubj mark cc mark ccomp case obl punct det appos case det flat nmod punct root Welsh NOUN means VERB from SCONJ or CCONJ to PART do VERB with ADP Wales PROPN , PUNCT a DET country NOUN in ADP the DET United PROPN Kingdom PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Welsh welsh NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from SCONJ _ 6 do mark 4 or or CCONJ _ 6 do cc 5 to to PART _ 6 do mark 6 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 means ccomp 7 with with ADP _ 8 Wales case 8 Wales Wales PROPN Number=Sing 6 do obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 11 country punct 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 country det 11 country country NOUN Number=Sing 8 Wales appos 12 in in ADP _ 15 Kingdom case 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 Kingdom det 14 United United PROPN _ 15 Kingdom flat 15 Kingdom Kingdom PROPN Number=Sing 11 country nmod 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Welsh vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 do not said to happen to-infinitive with Wales vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Welsh is the old Celtic language spoken in Wales, alongside English.
nsubj cop det amod amod acl case obl punct case obl punct root Welsh PROPN is AUX the DET old ADJ Celtic ADJ language NOUN spoken VERB in ADP Wales PROPN , PUNCT alongside ADP English PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Welsh Welsh PROPN Number=Sing 6 language nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 language cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 language det 4 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 6 language amod 5 Celtic celtic ADJ Degree=Pos 6 language amod 6 language language NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 spoken speak VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 language acl 8 in in ADP _ 9 Wales case 9 Wales Wales PROPN Number=Sing 7 spoken obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 12 English punct 11 alongside alongside ADP _ 12 English case 12 English English PROPN Number=Sing 7 spoken obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 language punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Welsh the old Celtic language tree rules 2 speak speech: other participle the old Celtic language not said here Wales alongside English vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 The Welsh are the people of Wales.
det nsubj cop det case nmod punct root The DET Welsh PROPN are AUX the DET people NOUN of ADP Wales PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 Welsh det 2 Welsh Welsh PROPN Number=Sing 5 people nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 people cop 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 people det 5 people people NOUN Number=Plur root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 Wales case 7 Wales Wales PROPN Number=Sing 5 people nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 people punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the Welsh the people of Wales tree rules
Meaning 4 Usage: verb, informal, old-fashioned — kept apart, not parsed.
To welsh on a deal means to break a promise to pay; many people find this use rude.
The tree, 18 words mark csubj case det obl mark ccomp det obj mark acl punct amod nsubj conj nsubj ccomp obj punct root To PART welsh VERB on ADP a DET deal NOUN means VERB to PART break VERB a DET promise NOUN to PART pay VERB ; PUNCT many ADJ people NOUN find VERB this PRON use VERB rude ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 welsh mark 2 welsh welsh VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 means csubj 3 on on ADP _ 5 deal case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 deal det 5 deal deal NOUN Number=Sing 2 welsh obl 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 to to PART _ 8 break mark 8 break break VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 means ccomp 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 promise det 10 promise promise NOUN Number=Sing 8 break obj 11 to to PART _ 12 pay mark 12 pay pay VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 promise acl 13 ; ; PUNCT _ 16 find punct 14 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 15 people amod 15 people people NOUN Number=Plur 16 find nsubj 16 find find VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 means conj 17 this this PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 18 use nsubj 18 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 find ccomp 19 rude rude ADJ Degree=Pos 18 use obj 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 welsh to-infinitive a deal tree rules 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 break not said to happen to-infinitive a promise vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer promise=Patient 4 pay to-infinitive a promise not said here vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 5 find present many people vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 6 use present this rude vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rude=Patient
Example 1 She is Welsh and was born in Swansea.
nsubj cop cc aux:pass conj case obl punct root She PRON is AUX Welsh ADJ and CCONJ was AUX born VERB in ADP Swansea PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 Welsh nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 Welsh cop 3 Welsh welsh ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 and and CCONJ _ 6 born cc 5 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 born aux:pass 6 born bear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 Welsh conj 7 in in ADP _ 8 Swansea case 8 Swansea Swansea PROPN Number=Sing 6 born obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 Welsh punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present She welsh property tree rules 2 bear past · passive She not said here Swansea vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»
Example 2 The Welsh flag has a red dragon on it.
det amod nsubj det amod obj case nmod punct root The DET Welsh ADJ flag NOUN has VERB a DET red ADJ dragon NOUN on ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 flag det 2 Welsh welsh ADJ Degree=Pos 3 flag amod 3 flag flag NOUN Number=Sing 4 has nsubj 4 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 dragon det 6 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 7 dragon amod 7 dragon dragon NOUN Number=Sing 4 has obj 8 on on ADP _ 9 it case 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 dragon nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the Welsh flag a red dragon on dragon vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dragon=Patient
Example 3 Many children in Wales speak Welsh and English.
amod nsubj case nmod obj cc conj punct root Many ADJ children NOUN in ADP Wales PROPN speak VERB Welsh PROPN and CCONJ English PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Many many ADJ Degree=Pos 2 children amod 2 children child NOUN Number=Plur 5 speak nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 4 Wales case 4 Wales Wales PROPN Number=Sing 2 children nmod 5 speak speak VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 Welsh Welsh PROPN Number=Sing 5 speak obj 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 English cc 8 English English PROPN Number=Sing 6 Welsh conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 speak punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other present Many children in Wales Welsh and English tree rules
Example 4 «Croeso» means «welcome» in Welsh.
punct nsubj punct punct parataxis punct case nmod punct root « PUNCT Croeso PROPN » PUNCT means VERB « PUNCT welcome INTJ » PUNCT in ADP Welsh PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Croeso punct 2 Croeso Croeso PROPN Number=Sing 4 means nsubj 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Croeso punct 4 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 « « PUNCT _ 6 welcome punct 6 welcome welcome INTJ _ 4 means parataxis 7 » » PUNCT _ 6 welcome punct 8 in in ADP _ 9 Welsh case 9 Welsh Welsh PROPN Number=Sing 6 welcome nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Croeso vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
Example 5 We ate Welsh cakes warm from the griddle.
nsubj nsubj ccomp xcomp case det obl punct root We PRON ate VERB Welsh PROPN cakes VERB warm ADJ from ADP the DET griddle NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 ate nsubj 2 ate eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 Welsh Welsh PROPN Number=Sing 4 cakes nsubj 4 cakes cake VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 ate ccomp 5 warm warm ADJ Degree=Pos 4 cakes xcomp 6 from from ADP _ 8 griddle case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 griddle det 8 griddle griddle NOUN Number=Sing 5 warm obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 ate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat past We tree rules 2 cake present Welsh warm property tree rules
Example 6 The road sign was in Welsh first, then English.
det compound nsubj cop case advmod punct advmod conj punct root The DET road NOUN sign NOUN was AUX in ADP Welsh PROPN first ADV , PUNCT then ADV English PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 sign det 2 road road NOUN Number=Sing 3 sign compound 3 sign sign NOUN Number=Sing 6 Welsh nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 Welsh cop 5 in in ADP _ 6 Welsh case 6 Welsh Welsh PROPN Number=Sing root root 7 first first ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 6 Welsh advmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 English punct 9 then then ADV PronType=Dem 10 English advmod 10 English English PROPN Number=Sing 6 Welsh conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 Welsh punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the road sign Welsh and English first property tree rules
Example 7 The Welsh love singing and rugby.
det amod nsubj cc conj punct root The DET Welsh ADJ love NOUN singing VERB and CCONJ rugby NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 love det 2 Welsh welsh ADJ Degree=Pos 3 love amod 3 love love NOUN Number=Sing 4 singing nsubj 4 singing sing VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 rugby cc 6 rugby rugby NOUN Number=Sing 4 singing conj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 singing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express gerund the Welsh love vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 8 Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales.
nsubj cop det amod case nmod punct root Snowdon PROPN is AUX the DET highest ADJ mountain NOUN in ADP Wales PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Snowdon Snowdon PROPN Number=Sing 5 mountain nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 mountain cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 mountain det 4 highest high ADJ Degree=Sup 5 mountain amod 5 mountain mountain NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 in in ADP _ 7 Wales case 7 Wales Wales PROPN Number=Sing 5 mountain nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 mountain punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Snowdon the highest mountain Wales tree rules
Example 9 Jack knocked at the door, when there came forth a Welsh giant.
nsubj case det obl punct advmod expl conj advmod det amod nsubj punct root Jack PROPN knocked VERB at ADP the DET door NOUN , PUNCT when ADV there PRON came VERB forth ADV a DET Welsh ADJ giant NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Jack Jack PROPN Number=Sing 2 knocked nsubj 2 knocked knock VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 at at ADP _ 5 door case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 door det 5 door door NOUN Number=Sing 2 knocked obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 came punct 7 when when ADV PronType=Int 9 came advmod 8 there there PRON PronType=Dem 9 came expl 9 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 knocked conj 10 forth forth ADV _ 9 came advmod 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 giant det 12 Welsh welsh ADJ Degree=Pos 13 giant amod 13 giant giant NOUN Number=Sing 9 came nsubj 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 knocked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 knock past Jack at the door vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent at door=Patient 2 come past a Welsh giant there forth property vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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