Lamentations 2:21 אֵיכָה

Who acts: youth, sword, Thou, Thine · What happens: lie, fall, slay, slaughter, anger · To what, where: ground, virgins

This is Lamentations 2:21 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — youth, sword, Thou, Thine — and what happens in the verse to ground, virgins, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.

שָׁכְב֨וּ לָאָ֤רֶץ חוּצוֹת֙ נַ֣עַר וְזָקֵ֔ן בְּתוּלֹתַ֥י וּבַחוּרַ֖י נָפְל֣וּ בֶחָ֑רֶב הָרַ֙גְתָּ֙ בְּי֣וֹם אַפֶּ֔ךָ טָבַ֖חְתָּ לֹ֥א חָמָֽלְתָּ׃ס

The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; Thou hast slain them in the day of Thine anger; Thou hast slaughtered unsparingly.

The tree

Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation	gloss
1	שָׁכְב֨וּ	שָׁכַב	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3	root	root	they have lain down
2	לָ	לְ	ADP	_	4 אָ֤רֶץ	case	to
3	ה	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	4 אָ֤רֶץ	det	the
4	אָ֤רֶץ	אֶרֶץ	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 שָׁכְב֨וּ	obl	ground
5	חוּצוֹת֙	חוּץ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	1 שָׁכְב֨וּ	obl	streets
6	נַ֣עַר	נַעַר	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	1 שָׁכְב֨וּ	nsubj	youth
7	וְ	וְ	CCONJ	_	8 זָקֵ֔ן	cc	and
8	זָקֵ֔ן	זָקֵן	ADJ	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	6 נַ֣עַר	conj	old [person]
9	בְּתוּלֹת	בְּתוּלָה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Plur	14 נָפְל֣וּ	nsubj	women
10	ַ֥י	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	9 בְּתוּלֹת	nmod:poss	my young
11	וּ	וְ	CCONJ	_	12 בַחוּר	cc	and
12	בַחוּר	בָּחוּר	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	9 בְּתוּלֹת	conj	my young
13	ַ֖י	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	12 בַחוּר	nmod:poss	men
14	נָפְל֣וּ	נָפַל	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3	1 שָׁכְב֨וּ	parataxis	they have fallen
15	בֶ	בְּ	ADP	_	17 חָ֑רֶב	case	by
16	ה	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	17 חָ֑רֶב	det	the
17	חָ֑רֶב	חֶרֶב	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	14 נָפְל֣וּ	obl	sword
18	הָרַ֙גְתָּ֙	הָרַג	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=2	1 שָׁכְב֨וּ	parataxis	you have killed
19	בְּ	בְּ	ADP	_	20 י֣וֹם	case	in
20	י֣וֹם	יוֹם	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	18 הָרַ֙גְתָּ֙	obl	the day
21	אַפּ	אַף	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	20 י֣וֹם	compound:smixut	your anger
22	ֶ֔ךָ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=2 PronType=Prs	21 אַפּ	nmod:poss	your
23	טָבַ֖חְתָּ	טָבַח	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=2	1 שָׁכְב֨וּ	parataxis	you have slaughtered
24	לֹ֥א	לֹא	ADV	_	25 חָמָֽלְתָּ	advmod	not
25	חָמָֽלְתָּ	חָמַל	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=2	1 שָׁכְב֨וּ	parataxis	you have spared
26	׃	׃	PUNCT	_	25 חָמָֽלְתָּ	punct
27	ס	ס	PUNCT	_	25 חָמָֽלְתָּ	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: character
speech: inside a quote begun earlier
negation: yes

verb	form · stem	who (A0)	what, whom (A1)
שָׁכְבוּ they have lain down	qatal · qal	נַעַר youth + זָקֵן old [person]
נָפְלוּ they have fallen	qatal · qal	בְּתוּלֹת women + בַחוּר my young
הָרַגְתָּ you have killed	qatal · qal		בְּתוּלֹת women + בַחוּר my young
טָבַחְתָּ you have slaughtered	qatal · qal		בְּתוּלֹת women + בַחוּר my young
not חָמָֽלְתָּ you have spared	qatal · qal		בְּתוּלֹת women + בַחוּר my young

MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.

The Targum

דְמָכוּ עַל אַרְעָא בִּמְחוֹזִין עוּלֵימַיָּא וְסָבַיָּא דַהֲווּ רְגִילִין לְמִשְׁכּוֹב עַל כָּרִין דְמִילַת וְעַל עַרְסִין דְשֵׁן דְפִיל בְתוּלָתַי וְרוּבַי נְפַלּוּ קְטִילִין בְּחַרְבָּא קְטַלְתָּא בְיוֹם רוּגְזָךְ נְכִיסְתָּא וְלָא חַסְתָּא:

The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.

English, JPS 1917

Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.

The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; my virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword; Thou hast slain them in the day of Thine anger; Thou hast slaughtered unsparingly.

Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.

English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).

Hebrew sentence wlc:LAM:42.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.2.21/