Lamentations 3:2 אֵיכָה
Who acts: man, me · What happens: lead, cause, walk · To what, where: me, darkness
This is Lamentations 3:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — man, me — and what happens in the verse to me, darkness, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.
אוֹתִ֥י נָהַ֛ג וַיֹּלַ֖ךְ חֹ֥שֶׁךְ וְלֹא־אֽוֹר׃
He hath led me and caused me to walk in darkness and not in light.
The tree
Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | אוֹת | אֵת | ADP | _ | 2 ִ֥י | case | |
| 2 | ִ֥י | הוּא | PRON | Gender=Com Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 3 נָהַ֛ג | obj | me |
| 3 | נָהַ֛ג | נָהַג | VERB | Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3 | root | root | he has driven |
| 4 | וַ | וְ | CCONJ | _ | 5 יֹּלַ֖ךְ | cc | and |
| 5 | יֹּלַ֖ךְ | הלך | VERB | Gender=Masc HebBinyan=HIPHIL Number=Sing Person=3 | 3 נָהַ֛ג | conj | he has made walk |
| 6 | חֹ֥שֶׁךְ | חֹשֶׁךְ | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 5 יֹּלַ֖ךְ | obl | darkness |
| 7 | וְ | וְ | CCONJ | _ | 8 לֹא־ | cc | and |
| 8 | לֹא־ | לֹא | ADV | _ | 5 יֹּלַ֖ךְ | conj | not |
| 9 | אֽוֹר | אוֹר | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 לֹא־ | obl | light |
| 10 | ׃ | ׃ | PUNCT | _ | 9 אֽוֹר | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- character
- speech
- inside a quote begun earlier
- negation
- yes
| verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| נָהַג he has driven | qatal · qal | ִי me | |||
| not יֹּלַךְ he has made walk | wayyiqtol · hiphil |
MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.
The Targum
יָתִי דְבַר וְאוֹבִיל חֲשׁוֹכָא וְלָא לְאַנְהָרָא:
The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.
English, JPS 1917
Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.
Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.
English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).
Hebrew sentence wlc:LAM:45.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.3.2/