Lamentations 4:18 אֵיכָה

Who acts: eyes, we, end, our · What happens: hunt, not go, be, fulfil, step · To what, where: steps, broad places, days

This is Lamentations 4:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — eyes, we, end, our — and what happens in the verse to steps, broad places, days, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.

צָד֣וּ צְעָדֵ֔ינוּ מִלֶּ֖כֶת בִּרְחֹבֹתֵ֑ינוּ קָרַ֥ב קִצֵּ֛ינוּ מָלְא֥וּ יָמֵ֖ינוּ כִּי־בָ֥א קִצֵּֽינוּ׃ס

They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our broad places; our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come.

The tree

Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation	gloss
1	צָד֣וּ	צוּד	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3	root	root	they hunted
2	צְעָדֵ֔י	צַעַד	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	1 צָד֣וּ	obj	steps
3	נוּ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 צְעָדֵ֔י	nmod:poss	our
4	מִ	מִן	ADP	_	5 לֶּ֖כֶת	case	from
5	לֶּ֖כֶת	הלך	VERB	HebBinyan=QAL	1 צָד֣וּ	advcl	walking
6	בִּ	בְּ	ADP	_	7 רְחֹבֹתֵ֑י	case	in
7	רְחֹבֹתֵ֑י	רְחֹב	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Plur	5 לֶּ֖כֶת	obl	our open
8	נוּ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	7 רְחֹבֹתֵ֑י	nmod:poss	places
9	קָרַ֥ב	קָרַב	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3	1 צָד֣וּ	parataxis	it drew near
10	קִצֵּ֛י	קֵץ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	9 קָרַ֥ב	nsubj	end
11	נוּ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	10 קִצֵּ֛י	nmod:poss	our
12	מָלְא֥וּ	מָלֵא	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3	1 צָד֣וּ	parataxis	they were completed
13	יָמֵ֖י	יוֹם	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	12 מָלְא֥וּ	nsubj	days
14	נוּ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	13 יָמֵ֖י	nmod:poss	our
15	כִּי־	כִּי	SCONJ	_	16 בָ֥א	mark	(dm)
16	בָ֥א	בּוֹא	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3	1 צָד֣וּ	advcl	it had come
17	קִצֵּֽי	קֵץ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	16 בָ֥א	nsubj	end
18	נוּ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	17 קִצֵּֽי	nmod:poss	our
19	׃	׃	PUNCT	_	18 נוּ	punct
20	ס	ס	PUNCT	_	18 נוּ	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: character
speech: inside a quote begun earlier
negation: no

verb	form · stem	who (A0)	what, whom (A1)
צָדוּ they hunted	qatal · qal		צְעָדֵי steps
לֶּכֶת walking	infinitive construct · qal
קָרַב it drew near	qatal · qal	קִצֵּי end
מָלְאוּ they were completed	qatal · qal	יָמֵי days
בָא it had come	qatal · qal	קִצֵּֽי end

MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.

The Targum

הִינוּן צָדִין שְׁבִילָנָא מִלְמֵיהַךְ לְרוֹחֲצָן בִּפְלָטְיָיתָנָא אָמַרְנָא קָרֵב סוֹפָנָא אִתְמְלִיאוּ יוֹמָנָא אֲרוּם מְטָא סוֹפָנָא:

The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.

English, JPS 1917

Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.

They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our broad places; our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come.

Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.

English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).

Hebrew sentence wlc:LAM:127.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.18/