Lamentations 4:19 אֵיכָה

Who acts: pursuers · What happens: be, chase, lie · To what, where: us, mountains, wait, wilderness

This is Lamentations 4:19 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — pursuers — and what happens in the verse to us, mountains, wait, wilderness, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.

קַלִּ֤ים הָיוּ֙ רֹדְפֵ֔ינוּ מִנִּשְׁרֵ֖י שָׁמָ֑יִם עַל־הֶהָרִ֣ים דְּלָקֻ֔נוּ בַּמִּדְבָּ֖ר אָ֥רְבוּ לָֽנוּ׃ס

Our pursuers were swifter than the eagles of the heaven; they chased us upon the mountains, they lay in wait for us in the wilderness.

The tree

Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation	gloss
1	קַלִּ֤ים	קַל	ADJ	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	root	root	swift
2	הָיוּ֙	הָיָה	AUX	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3	1 קַלִּ֤ים	cop	they were
3	רֹדְפֵ֔י	רָדַף	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur	1 קַלִּ֤ים	nsubj	[those
4	נוּ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 רֹדְפֵ֔י	nmod:poss	who] pursued us
5	מִ	מִן	ADP	_	6 נִּשְׁרֵ֖י	case	more
6	נִּשְׁרֵ֖י	נֶשֶׁר	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	1 קַלִּ֤ים	obl	than [the] eagles
7	שָׁמָ֑יִם	שָׁמַיִם	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	6 נִּשְׁרֵ֖י	compound:smixut	of heaven
8	עַל־	עַל	ADP	_	10 הָרִ֣ים	case	on
9	הֶ	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	10 הָרִ֣ים	det	the
10	הָרִ֣ים	הַר	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	11 דְּלָקֻ֔	obl	mountains
11	דְּלָקֻ֔	דָּלַק	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3	1 קַלִּ֤ים	parataxis	they
12	נוּ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	11 דְּלָקֻ֔	obj	hotly pursued us
13	בַּ	בְּ	ADP	_	15 מִּדְבָּ֖ר	case	in
14	ה	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	15 מִּדְבָּ֖ר	det	the
15	מִּדְבָּ֖ר	מִדְבָּר	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	16 אָ֥רְבוּ	obl	wilderness
16	אָ֥רְבוּ	אָרַב	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3	1 קַלִּ֤ים	parataxis	they lay in wait
17	ל	לְ	ADP	_	18 ָֽנוּ	case	for
18	ָֽנוּ	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Com Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	16 אָ֥רְבוּ	obl	us
19	׃	׃	PUNCT	_	18 ָֽנוּ	punct
20	ס	ס	PUNCT	_	18 ָֽנוּ	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: character
speech: inside a quote begun earlier
negation: no

verb	form · stem	who (A0)	what, whom (A1)
הָיוּ they were	qatal · qal	רֹדְפֵי [those
רֹדְפֵי [those	participle active · qal		נוּ who] pursued us
דְּלָקֻ they	qatal · qal	רֹדְפֵי [those	נוּ hotly pursued us
אָרְבוּ they lay in wait	qatal · qal	רֹדְפֵי [those

MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.

The Targum

קְלִילִין הֲווּ רָדְפָנָא יַתִּיר מִנִּשְׁרֵי שְׁמַיָּא עַל טוּרַיָּא אַדְלִיקוּ יָתָנָא בְמַדְבָּרָא כַּמָּנוּ לָנָא:

The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.

English, JPS 1917

Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.

Our pursuers were swifter than the eagles of the heaven; they chased us upon the mountains, they lay in wait for us in the wilderness.

Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.

English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).

Hebrew sentence wlc:LAM:128.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.19/