Lamentations 4:6 אֵיכָה
Who acts: iniquity, hands · What happens: be, overthrow, fall · To what, where: sin
This is Lamentations 4:6 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — iniquity, hands — and what happens in the verse to sin, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.
וַיִּגְדַּל֙ עֲוֺ֣ן בַּת־עַמִּ֔י מֵֽחַטַּ֖את סְדֹ֑ם הַֽהֲפוּכָ֣ה כְמוֹ־רָ֔גַע וְלֹא־חָ֥לוּ בָ֖הּ יָדָֽיִם׃ס
The tree
Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | וַ | וְ | CCONJ | _ | 2 יִּגְדַּל֙ | cc | and |
| 2 | יִּגְדַּל֙ | גָּדַל | VERB | Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3 | root | root | it has become great |
| 3 | עֲוֺ֣ן | עָוֺן | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 יִּגְדַּל֙ | nsubj | the iniquity |
| 4 | בַּת־ | בַּת | NOUN | Gender=Fem Number=Sing | 3 עֲוֺ֣ן | compound:smixut | of the daughter |
| 5 | עַמּ | עַם | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 4 בַּת־ | compound:smixut | my people |
| 6 | ִ֔י | הוּא | PRON | Gender=Com Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 5 עַמּ | nmod:poss | my |
| 7 | מֵֽ | מִן | ADP | _ | 8 חַטַּ֖את | case | more |
| 8 | חַטַּ֖את | חַטָּאת | NOUN | Gender=Fem Number=Sing | 2 יִּגְדַּל֙ | obl | than the sin |
| 9 | סְדֹ֑ם | סְדֹם | PROPN | _ | 8 חַטַּ֖את | compound:smixut | of Sodom |
| 10 | הַֽ | הַ | SCONJ | _ | 11 הֲפוּכָ֣ה | mark | [which |
| 11 | הֲפוּכָ֣ה | הָפַךְ | VERB | Gender=Fem HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing | 9 סְדֹ֑ם | appos | was] overthrown |
| 12 | כְמוֹ־ | כְּמוֹ | ADP | _ | 13 רָ֔גַע | case | like |
| 13 | רָ֔גַע | רֶגַע | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 11 הֲפוּכָ֣ה | obl | a moment |
| 14 | וְ | וְ | CCONJ | _ | 16 חָ֥לוּ | cc | and |
| 15 | לֹא־ | לֹא | ADV | _ | 16 חָ֥לוּ | advmod | not |
| 16 | חָ֥לוּ | חוּל | VERB | Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3 | 11 הֲפוּכָ֣ה | conj | they whirled about |
| 17 | ב | בְּ | ADP | _ | 18 ָ֖הּ | case | on |
| 18 | ָ֖הּ | הוּא | PRON | Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 חָ֥לוּ | obl | it |
| 19 | יָדָֽיִם | יָד | NOUN | Number=Dual | 16 חָ֥לוּ | nsubj | hands |
| 20 | ׃ | ׃ | PUNCT | _ | 19 יָדָֽיִם | punct | |
| 21 | ס | ס | PUNCT | _ | 19 יָדָֽיִם | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- narrate
- voice
- narrator
- speech
- narration
- negation
- yes
| verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| יִּגְדַּל it has become great | wayyiqtol · qal | עֲוֺן the iniquity | |||
| הֲפוּכָה was] overthrown | participle passive · qal | סְדֹם of Sodom | |||
| not חָלוּ they whirled about | qatal · qal | יָדָֽיִם hands |
MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.
The Targum
וּסְגִיַּת חוֹבַת כְּנִשְׁתָּא דְעַמִּי מִן חוֹבַת סְדוֹם דְאִתְהַפְּכַת כְּשַׁעֲתָא וְלָא שְׁרִיאוּ בָהּ נְבִיאַיָּא לְאִתְנַבָּאָה לְאַהַדְרוּתָהּ בִּתְיוּבְתָּא:
The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.
English, JPS 1917
Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.
Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.
English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).
Hebrew sentence wlc:LAM:115.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.6/