Exam question 1 · Rivers, lakes and ponds

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the survival of fish beneath the ice of a frozen lake?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, freeze, survive · To what, where: survival, fish

This is exam question 1 of lesson 10 «Rivers, lakes and ponds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 survival	det
10	survival	survival	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 fish	case
12	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 survival	nmod
13	beneath	beneath	ADP	_	15 ice	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 ice	det
15	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obl
16	of	of	ADP	_	19 lake	case
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 lake	det
18	frozen	freeze	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	19 lake	amod
19	lake	lake	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 ice	nmod
20	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the survival of fish	of the following statements; beneath the ice of a frozen lake; accurately property	tree rules
3	freeze	participle			vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
4	survive		fish		nom survival «state transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Water attains its greatest density at approximately four degrees Celsius, whereby colder water and ice remain at the surface and the water beneath remains liquid

The tree, 25 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 attains	nsubj
2	attains	attain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 density	nmod:poss
4	greatest	great	ADJ	Degree=Sup	5 density	amod
5	density	density	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 attains	obj
6	at	at	ADP	_	9 degrees	case
7	approximately	approximately	ADV	_	8 four	advmod
8	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 degrees	nummod
9	degrees	degree	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 attains	obl
10	Celsius	Celsius	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 degrees	nmod:unmarked
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 remain	punct
12	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	17 remain	advmod
13	colder	cold	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	14 water	amod
14	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 remain	nsubj
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 ice	cc
16	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 water	conj
17	remain	remain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 attains	conj
18	at	at	ADP	_	20 surface	case
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	20 surface	det
20	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 remain	obl
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	23 water	cc
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 water	det
23	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 surface	conj
24	beneath	beneath	ADP	_	26 liquid	case
25	remains	remains	NOUN	Number=Ptan	26 liquid	compound
26	liquid	liquid	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 remain	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	attain	present	Water	Water's greatest density		four degrees Celsius			vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent density=Theme at degree=Asset
2	remain	present	colder water and ice			the surface and the water		beneath remains liquid; whereby property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at surface=Location

Option 2

The fish freeze entirely and are revived in spring

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fish	det
2	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 freeze	nsubj
3	freeze	freeze	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	entirely	entirely	ADV	_	3 freeze	advmod
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 revived	cc
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 revived	aux:pass
7	revived	revive	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 freeze	conj
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 spring	case
9	spring	spring	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 revived	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	freeze	present	the fish					entirely property	vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	revive	present · passive	the fish not said here				spring		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»

Option 3

The fish generate sufficient bodily heat to melt the ice

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fish	det
2	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 generate	nsubj
3	generate	generate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 heat	amod
5	bodily	bodily	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 heat	amod
6	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 generate	obj
7	to	to	PART	_	8 melt	mark
8	melt	melt	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 generate	advcl
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 ice	det
10	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 melt	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	generate	present	the fish	sufficient bodily heat					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heat=Patient
2	melt	to-infinitive	the fish not said here	the ice					vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient ice=Result

Option 4

The fish migrate to the sea prior to the onset of winter

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fish	det
2	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 migrate	nsubj
3	migrate	migrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	to	to	ADP	_	6 sea	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 sea	det
6	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 migrate	obl
7	prior	prior	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	10 onset	case
8	to	to	ADP	_	7 prior	fixed
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 onset	det
10	onset	onset	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 migrate	obl
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 winter	case
12	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 onset	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	migrate	present	the fish					to the sea; prior the onset of winter	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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