Exam question 3 · Rivers, lakes and ponds

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the diet of red-bellied piranhas.

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, belly · To what, where: response, diet

This is exam question 3 of lesson 10 «Rivers, lakes and ponds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 diet	det
11	diet	diet	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	16 piranhas	case
13	red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 bellied	compound
14	-	-	PUNCT	_	13 red	punct
15	bellied	belly	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 piranhas	amod
16	piranhas	piranha	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 diet	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the diet of bellied piranhas		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus diet=Experiencer
4	belly	participle				tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Red-bellied piranhas subsist exclusively upon blood

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 bellied	compound
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	1 Red	punct
3	bellied	belly	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 piranhas	amod
4	piranhas	piranha	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 subsist	nsubj
5	subsist	subsist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	5 subsist	advmod
7	upon	upon	ADP	_	8 blood	case
8	blood	blood	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 subsist	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	belly	participle							tree rules
2	subsist	present	bellied piranhas					upon blood; exclusively property	vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent

Option 2

Red-bellied piranhas subsist exclusively upon other piranhas

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 bellied	compound
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	1 Red	punct
3	bellied	belly	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 piranhas	amod
4	piranhas	piranha	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 subsist	nsubj
5	subsist	subsist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	5 subsist	advmod
7	upon	upon	ADP	_	9 piranhas	case
8	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 piranhas	amod
9	piranhas	piranha	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 subsist	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	belly	participle							tree rules
2	subsist	present	bellied piranhas					upon other piranhas; exclusively property	vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Red-bellied piranhas subsist principally upon insects, fish, worms and plants, attacks upon humans being infrequent

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 bellied	compound
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	1 Red	punct
3	bellied	belly	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 piranhas	amod
4	piranhas	piranha	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 subsist	nsubj
5	subsist	subsist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	principally	principally	ADV	_	5 subsist	advmod
7	upon	upon	ADP	_	8 insects	case
8	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 subsist	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 fish	punct
10	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 insects	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 worms	punct
12	worms	worm	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 insects	conj
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 plants	cc
14	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 insects	conj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 attacks	punct
16	attacks	attack	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 insects	conj
17	upon	upon	ADP	_	18 humans	case
18	humans	human	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 infrequent	obl
19	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	20 infrequent	cop
20	infrequent	infrequent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 attacks	acl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	belly	participle			tree rules
2	subsist	present	bellied piranhas	upon insects and fish and worms and plants and attacks; principally property	vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent
3	is	gerund	attacks not said here	upon humans; infrequent property	tree rules

Option 4

Red-bellied piranhas subsist principally upon cattle and humans which enter the water, devouring them in a matter of seconds

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 bellied	compound
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	1 Red	punct
3	bellied	belly	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 piranhas	amod
4	piranhas	piranha	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 subsist	nsubj
5	subsist	subsist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	principally	principally	ADV	_	5 subsist	advmod
7	upon	upon	ADP	_	8 cattle	case
8	cattle	cattle	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 subsist	obl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 humans	cc
10	humans	human	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 cattle	conj
11	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 enter	nsubj
12	enter	enter	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 cattle	acl:relcl
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 water	det
14	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 enter	obj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 devouring	punct
16	devouring	devour	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 subsist	advcl
17	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	16 devouring	obj
18	in	in	ADP	_	20 matter	case
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 matter	det
20	matter	matter	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 devouring	obl
21	of	of	ADP	_	22 seconds	case
22	seconds	second	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 matter	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	belly	participle					tree rules
2	subsist	present	bellied piranhas			upon cattle and humans; principally property	vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent
3	enter	present	cattle and humans	the water			vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme water=Destination
4	devour	gerund	bellied piranhas not said here	piranhas = piranha	a matter of seconds		vn devour-39.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient
5	matter		seconds				nom matter «cognition intransitive»: of=agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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