Exam question 1 · The polar zone: polar bears

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the fur and skin of the polar bear?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: fur

This is exam question 1 of lesson 105 «The polar zone: polar bears» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 fur	det
10	fur	fur	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 skin	cc
12	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 fur	conj
13	of	of	ADP	_	16 bear	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 bear	det
15	polar	polar	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 bear	amod
16	bear	bear	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 skin	nmod
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the fur and skin of the polar bear				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The hairs are white and the skin is pink

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 hairs	det
2	hairs	hair	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 white	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 white	cop
4	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 pink	cc
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 skin	det
7	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 pink	nsubj
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 pink	cop
9	pink	pink	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 white	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the hairs					white property	tree rules
2	is	present	the skin					pink property	tree rules

Option 2

The hairs contain a white colouring, and the skin beneath them is likewise white

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 hairs	det
2	hairs	hair	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 contain	nsubj
3	contain	contain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 colouring	det
5	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 colouring	amod
6	colouring	colouring	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 contain	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 white	punct
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 white	cc
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 skin	det
10	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 white	nsubj
11	beneath	beneath	ADP	_	12 them	case
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 skin	nmod
13	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 white	cop
14	likewise	likewise	ADV	_	15 white	advmod
15	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 contain	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	contain	present	the hairs	a white colouring					vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot colouring=Theme
2	is	present	the skin beneath hairs					likewise, white property	tree rules

Option 3

The hairs are black and appear white owing to frost

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 hairs	det
2	hairs	hair	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 black	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 black	cop
4	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 appear	cc
6	appear	appear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 black	conj
7	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 appear	xcomp
8	owing	owe	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 appear	xcomp
9	to	to	PART	_	10 frost	mark
10	frost	frost	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 owing	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	the hairs	black property	tree rules
2	appear	present	the hairs not said here	white property	vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute
3	owe	gerund	the hairs not said here		tree rules
4	frost	to-infinitive	the hairs not said here		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The hairs are transparent and hollow, appearing white by scattering light, and the skin beneath is black

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 hairs	det
2	hairs	hair	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 transparent	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 transparent	cop
4	transparent	transparent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 hollow	cc
6	hollow	hollow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 transparent	conj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 appearing	punct
8	appearing	appear	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 transparent	advcl
9	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 appearing	xcomp
10	by	by	SCONJ	_	11 scattering	mark
11	scattering	scatter	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	8 appearing	advcl
12	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 scattering	obj
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 black	punct
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 black	cc
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 beneath	det
16	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 beneath	compound
17	beneath	beneath	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 black	nsubj
18	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	19 black	cop
19	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 transparent	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	present	the hairs		transparent property	tree rules
2	be		the hairs not said here			tree rules
3	appear	gerund	the hairs not said here		white property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	scatter	gerund	the hairs not said here	light		vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent light=Theme
5	is	present	the skin beneath		black property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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