Exam question 2 · Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of peat?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: formation

This is exam question 2 of lesson 11 «Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 formation	det
10	formation	formation	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 peat	case
12	peat	peat	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 formation	nmod
13	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the formation of peat				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It is formed instantaneously by volcanic activity beneath bogs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 formed	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 formed	aux:pass
3	formed	form	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	instantaneously	instantaneously	ADV	_	3 formed	advmod
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 activity	case
6	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 activity	amod
7	activity	activity	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 formed	obl
8	beneath	beneath	ADP	_	9 bogs	case
9	bogs	bog	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 formed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	present · passive	volcanic activity	It				beneath bogs; instantaneously property	vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme

Option 2

It is composed principally of the remains of marine animals

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 composed	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 composed	aux:pass
3	composed	compose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	principally	principally	ADV	_	3 composed	advmod
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 remains	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 remains	det
7	remains	remains	NOUN	Number=Ptan	3 composed	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 animals	case
9	marine	marine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 animals	amod
10	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 remains	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	compose	present · passive		It				of the remains of marine animals; principally property	vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

It accumulates at about one millimetre per annum from incompletely decomposed vegetation

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 accumulates	nsubj
2	accumulates	accumulate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	at	at	ADP	_	6 millimetre	case
4	about	about	ADV	_	5 one	advmod
5	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 millimetre	nummod
6	millimetre	millimetre	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 accumulates	obl
7	per	per	ADP	_	8 annum	case
8	annum	annum	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 millimetre	nmod
9	from	from	ADP	_	12 vegetation	case
10	incompletely	incompletely	ADV	_	11 decomposed	advmod
11	decomposed	decompose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 vegetation	amod
12	vegetation	vegetation	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 accumulates	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	accumulate	present	It			one millimetre per annum		from decomposed vegetation	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from vegetation=Source
2	decompose	participle						incompletely property	vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4

It is deposited annually by rivers in flood at about one metre per annum

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 deposited	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 deposited	aux:pass
3	deposited	deposit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	annually	annually	ADV	_	3 deposited	advmod
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 rivers	case
6	rivers	river	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 deposited	obl
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 flood	case
8	flood	flood	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 deposited	obl
9	at	at	ADP	_	12 metre	case
10	about	about	ADV	_	11 one	advmod
11	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	12 metre	nummod
12	metre	metre	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 deposited	obl
13	per	per	ADP	_	14 annum	case
14	annum	annum	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 metre	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	deposit	present · passive	rivers	It		flood		at one metre per annum; annually property	vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent subject=Theme in flood=Destination

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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