Exam question 1 · Shrek's dragon: real «dragons» and lizards, and why nothin…

Identify the principal reason for which no living animal is capable of breathing fire.

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, living animal · What happens: identify, be, breathe · To what, where: principal reason, fire

This is exam question 1 of lesson 146 «Shrek's dragon: real «dragons» and lizards, and why nothing breathes fire» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 capable	obl
7	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	9 animal	det
8	living	living	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 animal	amod
9	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 capable	nsubj
10	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 capable	cop
11	capable	capable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	acl
12	of	of	SCONJ	_	13 breathing	mark
13	breathing	breathe	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	11 capable	advcl
14	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 breathing	obj
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	is	present	no living animal		for the principal reason; capable property	tree rules
3	breathe	gerund	no living animal not said here	fire		vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Such capacity is prohibited by the laws of the countries concerned

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 capacity	amod
2	capacity	capacity	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 prohibited	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 prohibited	aux:pass
4	prohibited	prohibit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 laws	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 laws	det
7	laws	law	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 prohibited	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 countries	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 countries	det
10	countries	country	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 laws	nmod
11	concerned	concerned	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 prohibited	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	prohibit	present · passive	the laws of the countries	Such capacity					vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer subject=Theme

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

The production of flame would require stored fuel and ignition, and the soft tissues of the mouth would be destroyed

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 production	det
2	production	production	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 require	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 flame	case
4	flame	flame	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 production	nmod
5	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 require	aux
6	require	require	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
7	stored	store	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 fuel	amod
8	fuel	fuel	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 require	obj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 ignition	cc
10	ignition	ignition	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 fuel	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 destroyed	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	21 destroyed	cc
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 tissues	det
14	soft	soft	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 tissues	amod
15	tissues	tissue	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 destroyed	nsubj:pass
16	of	of	ADP	_	18 mouth	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 mouth	det
18	mouth	mouth	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 tissues	nmod
19	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	21 destroyed	aux
20	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	21 destroyed	aux:pass
21	destroyed	destroy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 require	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	require	would	the production of flame	stored fuel and ignition	vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme fuel=Precondition
2	store	participle			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	destroy	would · passive		the soft tissues of the mouth	vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
4	produce			flame	nom production «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

All such animals became extinct within recent memory

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	All	all	DET	PronType=Tot	3 animals	det
2	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 animals	amod
3	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 became	nsubj
4	became	become	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	extinct	extinct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 became	xcomp
6	within	within	ADP	_	8 memory	case
7	recent	recent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 memory	amod
8	memory	memory	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 became	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	become	past	all such animals					within recent memory; extinct property	vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient

Option 4

The production of flame requires a quantity of water no animal can store, and the throat would be extinguished

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 production	det
2	production	production	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 requires	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 flame	case
4	flame	flame	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 production	nmod
5	requires	require	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 quantity	det
7	quantity	quantity	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 requires	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 water	case
9	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 store	obl
10	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	11 animal	det
11	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 store	nsubj
12	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	13 store	aux
13	store	store	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 quantity	acl:relcl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 extinguished	punct
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 extinguished	cc
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 throat	det
17	throat	throat	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 extinguished	nsubj
18	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	20 extinguished	aux
19	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	20 extinguished	aux:pass
20	extinguished	extinguish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 requires	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	require	present	the production of flame	a quantity		vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme quantity=Precondition
2	store	can	no animal	a quantity not said here	of water	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent quantity=Theme
3	extinguish	would · passive		the throat		vn remedy-45.7-1 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient
4	produce			flame		nom production «act transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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