Exam question 2 · Shrek's dragon: real «dragons» and lizards, and why nothin…

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the size of the largest flying animals known.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, fly, know · To what, where: response, size, largest flying animals

This is exam question 2 of lesson 146 «Shrek's dragon: real «dragons» and lizards, and why nothing breathes fire» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 size	det
11	size	size	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	16 animals	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 animals	det
14	largest	large	ADJ	Degree=Sup	16 animals	amod
15	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	16 animals	amod
16	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 size	nmod
17	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 animals	acl
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the size of the largest flying animals		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus size=Experiencer
4	fly	gerund				vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5	know	participle		the largest flying animals not said here		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Certain pterosaurs attained a wingspan of approximately ten metres, their bones being hollow and light

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Certain	certain	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 pterosaurs	amod
2	pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 attained	nsubj
3	attained	attain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 wingspan	det
5	wingspan	wingspan	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 attained	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	9 metres	case
7	approximately	approximately	ADV	_	8 ten	advmod
8	ten	ten	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 metres	nummod
9	metres	metre	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 wingspan	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 hollow	punct
11	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 bones	nmod:poss
12	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 hollow	nsubj
13	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	14 hollow	cop
14	hollow	hollow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 attained	parataxis
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 light	cc
16	light	light	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 hollow	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	attain	past	Certain pterosaurs	a wingspan of ten metres		vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wingspan=Theme
2	is	gerund	pterosaurs's bones		hollow property	tree rules
3	be		pterosaurs's bones not said here			tree rules

Option 2

Certain pterosaurs attained a wingspan of one hundred metres, their bones being solid and exceedingly heavy

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Certain	certain	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 pterosaurs	amod
2	pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 attained	nsubj
3	attained	attain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 wingspan	det
5	wingspan	wingspan	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 attained	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	9 metres	case
7	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 hundred	compound
8	hundred	hundred	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 metres	nummod
9	metres	metre	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 wingspan	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 solid	punct
11	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 bones	nmod:poss
12	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 solid	nsubj
13	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	14 solid	cop
14	solid	solid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 attained	parataxis
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 heavy	cc
16	exceedingly	exceedingly	ADV	_	17 heavy	advmod
17	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 solid	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	attain	past	Certain pterosaurs	a wingspan of hundred metres		vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wingspan=Theme
2	is	gerund	pterosaurs's bones		solid property	tree rules
3	be		pterosaurs's bones not said here		exceedingly property	tree rules

Option 3

Certain dragons attained the dimensions of a castle

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Certain	certain	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 dragons	amod
2	dragons	dragon	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 attained	nsubj
3	attained	attain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 dimensions	det
5	dimensions	dimension	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 attained	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 castle	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 castle	det
8	castle	castle	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 dimensions	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	attain	past	Certain dragons	the dimensions of a castle					vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dimension=Theme

Option 4

No flying animal has exceeded the dimensions of a pigeon

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	3 animal	det
2	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 animal	amod
3	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 exceeded	nsubj:pass
4	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 exceeded	aux
5	exceeded	exceed	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 dimensions	det
7	dimensions	dimension	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 exceeded	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 pigeon	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 pigeon	det
10	pigeon	pigeon	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 dimensions	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fly	gerund							vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	exceed	present · perfect · passive		no flying animal					tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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