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Test 2 · ★★★ · Myth check: do lemmings jump off cliffs?

In the old game «Lemmings», little lemmings walk off ledges one after another. Why is the game not proof?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: little lemmings, game · What happens: walk off, be · To what, where: ledges, old game

This is test 2 · ★★★ of lesson 150 «Myth check: do lemmings jump off cliffs?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In the old game «Lemmings», little lemmings walk off ledges one after another.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	4 game	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 game	det
3	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 game	amod
4	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 walk	obl
5	«	«	PUNCT	_	6 Lemmings	punct
6	Lemmings	lemming	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 game	appos
7	»	»	PUNCT	_	6 Lemmings	punct
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 game	punct
9	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 lemmings	amod
10	lemmings	lemming	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 walk	nsubj
11	walk	walk	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
12	off	off	ADP	_	13 ledges	case
13	ledges	ledge	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 walk	obl
14	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	11 walk	obl
15	after	after	ADP	_	16 another	case
16	another	another	DET	PronType=Ind	14 one	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 walk	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	walk off	present	little lemmings	ledges		the old game		one after another obl	vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ledge=Source

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Why is the game not proof?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Rel	root	root
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Why	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 game	det
4	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Why	nsubj
5	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	6 proof	advmod
6	proof	proof	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 game	nmod
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 Why	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the game proof					why property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

The game showed the real numbers of lemmings

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 game	det
2	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 showed	nsubj
3	showed	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 numbers	det
5	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 numbers	amod
6	numbers	number	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 showed	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 lemmings	case
8	lemmings	lemming	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 numbers	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	past	the game	the real numbers of lemmings					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent number=Recipient

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Games repeat ideas people already believe, and the player's job was to save them

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Games	game	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 repeat	nsubj
2	repeat	repeat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	ideas	idea	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 repeat	obj
4	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 believe	nsubj
5	already	already	ADV	_	6 believe	advmod
6	believe	believe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 ideas	acl:relcl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 save	punct
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 save	cc
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 player	det
10	player	player	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 job	nmod:poss
11	's	's	PART	_	10 player	case
12	job	job	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 save	nsubj
13	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	15 save	cop
14	to	to	PART	_	15 save	mark
15	save	save	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 repeat	parataxis
16	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	15 save	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	repeat	present	Games	ideas					vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Eventuality
2	believe	present	people	ideas not said here					vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer idea=Stimulus
3	is	past	the player's job					save property	tree rules
4	job		the player						nom job «act intransitive»: poss=agent

Option 3

The game was made by lemming scientists

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 game	det
2	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 made	nsubj:pass
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 made	aux:pass
4	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 scientists	case
6	lemming	lemming	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 scientists	compound
7	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 made	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past · passive	lemming scientists	the game					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product

Option 4

Games are always made from real nature films, so whatever they show must be true

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Games	game	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 made	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 made	aux:pass
3	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	4 made	advmod
4	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	from	from	ADP	_	8 films	case
6	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 films	amod
7	nature	nature	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 films	compound
8	films	film	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 made	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 whatever	punct
10	so	so	ADV	_	11 whatever	advmod
11	whatever	whatever	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 made	parataxis
12	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 show	nsubj
13	show	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 whatever	acl:relcl
14	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	16 true	aux
15	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	16 true	cop
16	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 made	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present · passive		Games		real nature films		always property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from film=Material
2	show	present	Games = game						vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	is	must	Games not said here					true property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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