Exam question 3 · The Australian outback: red kangaroos, emus, thorny devils…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the red kangaroo?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: red kangaroo

This is exam question 3 of lesson 165 «The Australian outback: red kangaroos, emus, thorny devils and runaway camels and toads» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 kangaroo	det
10	red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 kangaroo	amod
11	kangaroo	kangaroo	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
12	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the red kangaroo				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

It is the largest of the marsupials and is capable of hopping at speeds exceeding fifty kilometres per hour

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 largest	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 largest	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 largest	det
4	largest	large	ADJ	Degree=Sup	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 marsupials	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 marsupials	det
7	marsupials	marsupial	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 largest	obl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 capable	cc
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 capable	cop
10	capable	capable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 largest	conj
11	of	of	SCONJ	_	12 hopping	mark
12	hopping	hop	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	10 capable	advcl
13	at	at	ADP	_	14 speeds	case
14	speeds	speed	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 hopping	obl
15	exceeding	exceed	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 hopping	advcl
16	fifty	fifty	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	17 kilometres	nummod
17	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 exceeding	obj
18	per	per	ADP	_	19 hour	case
19	hour	hour	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 kilometres	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It				of the marsupials; large property	tree rules
2	is	present					capable property	tree rules
3	hop	gerund			speeds			vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at speed=Trajectory
4	exceed	gerund		fifty kilometres		per hour		vn exceed-90 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot kilometre=Theme

Option 2

It is the smallest of the marsupials

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 smallest	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 smallest	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 smallest	det
4	smallest	small	ADJ	Degree=Sup	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 marsupials	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 marsupials	det
7	marsupials	marsupial	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 smallest	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It					of the marsupials; small property	tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

It is a placental mammal related to the deer, and it moves about by leaping from rock to rock

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 mammal	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 mammal	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 mammal	det
4	placental	placental	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 mammal	compound
5	mammal	mammal	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	related	related	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 mammal	amod
7	to	to	ADP	_	9 deer	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 deer	det
9	deer	deer	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 related	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 moves	punct
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 moves	cc
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 moves	nsubj
13	moves	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 mammal	conj
14	about	about	ADV	_	13 moves	advmod
15	by	by	SCONJ	_	16 leaping	mark
16	leaping	leap	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	13 moves	advcl
17	from	from	ADP	_	18 rock	case
18	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 leaping	obl
19	to	to	ADP	_	20 rock	case
20	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 leaping	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a placental mammal			tree rules
2	move about	present	deer			about property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
3	leap	gerund	deer not said here		rock	to rock	vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to rock=Destination

Option 4

It moves exclusively by walking on all four limbs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 moves	nsubj
2	moves	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	2 moves	advmod
4	by	by	SCONJ	_	5 walking	mark
5	walking	walk	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 moves	advcl
6	on	on	ADP	_	9 limbs	case
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	9 limbs	det
8	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 limbs	nummod
9	limbs	limb	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 walking	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	move	present	It					exclusively property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
2	walk	gerund				all four limbs			vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on limb=Trajectory

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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