Test 11 · ★ · Mangroves: trees in salt water, mudskippers, archerfish an…

«dad says there's a lizard swimming under the boat for ages, lizards can't do that»

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: dad, lizard, lizards · What happens: say, be, swim, not do · To what, where: boat, that · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 11 · ★ of lesson 178 «Mangroves: trees in salt water, mudskippers, archerfish and swimming tigers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	3 says	punct
2	dad	dad	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	5 's	expl
5	's	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 says	ccomp
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 lizard	det
7	lizard	lizard	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 's	nsubj
8	swimming	swim	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 lizard	acl
9	under	under	ADP	_	11 boat	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 boat	det
11	boat	boat	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 swimming	obl
12	for	for	ADP	_	13 ages	case
13	ages	age	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 swimming	obl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 do	punct
15	lizards	lizard	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 do	nsubj
16	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	18 do	aux
17	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	18 do	advmod
18	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 says	ccomp
19	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	18 do	obj
20	»	»	PUNCT	_	18 do	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	say speech: assert in a quote	present	dad				vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	be in a quote	present	a lizard		there		vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	swim in a quote	gerund	a lizard not said here		the boat	for ages	vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under boat=Trajectory
4	not do in a quote	can	lizards	that			vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Lizards breathe water through gills, like fish, so they never need to come up

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lizards	lizard	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 breathe	nsubj
2	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 breathe	obj
4	through	through	ADP	_	5 gills	case
5	gills	gill	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 breathe	obl
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 fish	punct
7	like	like	ADP	_	8 fish	case
8	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 gills	conj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 need	punct
10	so	so	ADV	_	13 need	advmod
11	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 need	nsubj
12	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	13 need	advmod
13	need	need	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 breathe	conj
14	to	to	PART	_	15 come	mark
15	come	come	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	13 need	xcomp
16	up	up	ADV	_	15 come	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	breathe	present	Lizards	water	gills and fish	vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme
2	not need	present	Lizards = lizard			vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme
3	come up not said to happen	to-infinitive	Lizards = lizard not said here			vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 2

Right, all lizards sink

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Right	right	INTJ	_	5 sink	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Right	punct
3	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 lizards	det
4	lizards	lizard	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 sink	nsubj
5	sink	sink	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sink	present	all lizards						vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Water monitors swim with their tails and stay under for many minutes

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 monitors	compound
2	monitors	monitor	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 swim	nsubj
3	swim	swim	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 tails	case
5	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 tails	nmod:poss
6	tails	tail	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 swim	obl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 stay	cc
8	stay	stay	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 swim	conj
9	under	under	ADP	_	8 stay	obl
10	for	for	ADP	_	12 minutes	case
11	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 minutes	amod
12	minutes	minute	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 swim	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	swim	present	Water monitors				minute	with monitors's tails	vn swarm-47.5.1-1 «PP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with tail=Theme
2	stay	infinitive	Water monitors not said here						vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

It must be a fish

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 fish	nsubj
2	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 fish	aux
3	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 fish	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 fish	det
5	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	must	It	a fish					tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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