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Exam question 3 · Ducks, geese and farm myths

It is given that a newly hatched duckling follows a person in preference to its mother. Ascertain the most probable explanation.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: hatched duckling, you · What happens: give, hatch, follow, ascertain · To what, where: It, person, preference, probable explanation

This is exam question 3 of lesson 213 «Ducks, geese and farm myths» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is given that a newly hatched duckling follows a person in preference to its mother.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	9 follows	mark
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 duckling	det
6	newly	newly	ADV	_	7 hatched	advmod
7	hatched	hatch	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 duckling	amod
8	duckling	duckling	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 follows	nsubj
9	follows	follow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	advcl
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 person	det
11	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 follows	obj
12	in	in	ADP	_	13 preference	case
13	preference	preference	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 person	nmod
14	to	to	ADP	_	16 mother	case
15	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	16 mother	nmod:poss
16	mother	mother	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 preference	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 given	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	present · passive		It					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	hatch	participle						newly property	vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.patient V PP.product»: agent=Patient
3	follow	present	a hatched duckling	a person		preference to duckling's mother			vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent person=Theme in preference=Trajectory

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Ascertain the most probable explanation.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 explanation	det
3	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	4 probable	advmod
4	probable	probable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 explanation	amod
5	explanation	explanation	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ascertain	obj
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here	the probable explanation					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent explanation=Topic

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Ducklings follow whoever carries bread

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ducklings	duckling	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 follow	nsubj
2	follow	follow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	whoever	whoever	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 carries	nsubj
4	carries	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 follow	ccomp
5	bread	bread	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 carries	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	present	Ducklings						vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
2	carry	present	whoever	bread					vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bread=Theme

Option 2

The mother has instructed the duckling to do so

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 mother	det
2	mother	mother	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 instructed	nsubj:pass
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 instructed	aux
4	instructed	instruct	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 duckling	det
6	duckling	duckling	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 instructed	obj
7	to	to	PART	_	8 do	mark
8	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 duckling	acl
9	so	so	ADV	_	8 do	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	instruct speech: other	present · perfect · passive		the mother					tree rules
2	do	to-infinitive							vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

The duckling imprinted upon the first moving object it perceived

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 duckling	det
2	duckling	duckling	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	imprinted	imprint	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 duckling	acl
4	upon	upon	ADP	_	8 object	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 object	det
6	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	8 object	amod
7	moving	move	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 object	amod
8	object	object	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 imprinted	obl
9	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 perceived	nsubj
10	perceived	perceive	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 object	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	imprint	participle		the duckling not said here		the first moving object			vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent upon object=Destination
2	move	gerund							vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
3	perceive	past	object	the first moving object not said here					vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer object=Stimulus

Option 4

The person resembles a duck in plumage

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 person	det
2	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 resembles	nsubj
3	resembles	resemble	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 duck	det
5	duck	duck	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 resembles	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 plumage	case
7	plumage	plumage	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 resembles	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	resemble	present	the person	a duck		plumage			tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/213-ducks-geese-and-farm-myths/e3/