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Test 2 · ★★ · Hedgehogs: spines, hibernation and how to help them

Sonic the Hedgehog is blue, runs faster than sound and spins into a ball to attack. What is true of real hedgehogs?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: Sonic · What happens: be, run, spin, attack · To what, where: ball

This is test 2 · ★★ of lesson 214 «Hedgehogs: spines, hibernation and how to help them» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Sonic the Hedgehog is blue, runs faster than sound and spins into a ball to attack.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Sonic	Sonic	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 runs	nsubj
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 Hedgehog	det
3	Hedgehog	Hedgehog	PROPN	Number=Sing	1 Sonic	appos
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 blue	cop
5	blue	blue	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Sonic	conj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 runs	punct
7	runs	run	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	faster	fast	ADV	Degree=Cmp	7 runs	advmod
9	than	than	ADP	_	10 sound	case
10	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 faster	obl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 spins	cc
12	spins	spin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 runs	conj
13	into	into	ADP	_	15 ball	case
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 ball	det
15	ball	ball	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 spins	obl
16	to	to	PART	_	17 attack	mark
17	attack	attack	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	12 spins	advcl
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 runs	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Sonic not said here					blue property	tree rules
2	run	present	Sonic					fast property	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	spin	present	Sonic not said here			a ball			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into ball=Trajectory
4	attack	to-infinitive	Sonic not said here						vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is true of real hedgehogs?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 true	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 hedgehogs	case
5	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 hedgehogs	amod
6	hedgehogs	hedgehog	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 true	obl
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 true	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						of real hedgehogs; true property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

They spin into a ball to attack foxes and badgers

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 spin	nsubj
2	spin	spin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	into	into	ADP	_	5 ball	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 ball	det
5	ball	ball	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 spin	obl
6	to	to	PART	_	7 attack	mark
7	attack	attack	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 spin	advcl
8	foxes	fox	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 attack	obj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 badgers	cc
10	badgers	badger	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 foxes	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spin	present	They			a ball			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into ball=Trajectory
2	attack	to-infinitive	They not said here	foxes and badgers					vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fox=Patient

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

They are brown, walk a couple of kilometres a night and roll into a ball to defend

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 brown	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 brown	cop
3	brown	brown	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 walk	punct
5	walk	walk	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	3 brown	parataxis
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 couple	det
7	couple	couple	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 walk	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 kilometres	case
9	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 couple	nmod
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 night	det
11	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 walk	obl:unmarked
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 roll	cc
13	roll	roll	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	5 walk	conj
14	into	into	ADP	_	16 ball	case
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 ball	det
16	ball	ball	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 roll	obl
17	to	to	PART	_	18 defend	mark
18	defend	defend	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	13 roll	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	They					brown property	tree rules
2	walk	infinitive		a couple of kilometres			night		vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme couple=Trajectory
3	roll	infinitive				a ball			vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into ball=Destination
4	defend	to-infinitive							vn defend-72.3 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent

Option 3

They are blue and run faster than cars on a motorway

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 blue	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 blue	cop
3	blue	blue	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 run	cc
5	run	run	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 blue	conj
6	faster	fast	ADV	Degree=Cmp	5 run	advmod
7	than	than	ADP	_	8 cars	case
8	cars	car	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 faster	obl
9	on	on	ADP	_	11 motorway	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 motorway	det
11	motorway	motorway	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 run	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	They					blue property	tree rules
2	run	present	They not said here			a motorway		fast property	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on motorway=Trajectory

Option 4

They roll only to go downhill fast

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 roll	nsubj
2	roll	roll	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	only	only	ADV	_	2 roll	advmod
4	to	to	PART	_	5 go	mark
5	go	go	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 roll	advcl
6	downhill	downhill	ADV	_	5 go	advmod
7	fast	fast	ADV	Degree=Pos	5 go	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	roll	present	They						vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	go	to-infinitive	They not said here					downhill, fast property	vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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