Test 11 · Pigeons: head bobbing, homing and city cliffs

«heard a pigeon saved soldiers in a war, that's made up surely» What is right?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · What happens: hear, save, make up, be · To what, where: pigeon, that

This is test 11 of lesson 221 «Pigeons: head bobbing, homing and city cliffs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	2 heard	punct
2	heard	hear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 pigeon	det
4	pigeon	pigeon	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 heard	obj
5	saved	save	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 soldiers	amod
6	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 pigeon	appos
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 war	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 war	det
9	war	war	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 soldiers	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 made	punct
11	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	13 made	nsubj:pass
12	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 made	aux:pass
13	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 heard	conj
14	up	up	ADP	_	13 made	compound:prt
15	surely	surely	ADV	_	19 right	advmod
16	»	»	PUNCT	_	15 surely	punct
17	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	19 right	nsubj
18	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	19 right	cop
19	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 made	xcomp
20	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 heard	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	hear in a quote	past	a pigeon		vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer pigeon=Stimulus
2	save in a quote	participle			vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	make up in a quote	present · passive	that		vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Pivot
4	is	present		right, surely property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It is a made-up film story

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 story	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 story	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 story	det
4	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 story	amod
5	-	-	PUNCT	_	6 up	punct
6	up	up	ADP	_	4 made	compound:prt
7	film	film	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 story	compound
8	story	story	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make up	participle							vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme
2	is a	present	It	a made film story					tree rules

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

It is true; Cher Ami carried a message that helped save nearly two hundred soldiers

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 true	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 carried	punct
5	Cher	Cher	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 Ami	compound
6	Ami	Ami	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 carried	nsubj
7	carried	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 true	conj
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 message	det
9	message	message	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 carried	obj
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 helped	nsubj
11	helped	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 message	acl:relcl
12	save	save	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 helped	xcomp
13	nearly	nearly	ADV	_	15 hundred	advmod
14	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	15 hundred	compound
15	hundred	hundred	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	16 soldiers	nummod
16	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 save	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	present	It		true property	tree rules
2	carry	past	Cher Ami	a message		vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent message=Theme
3	help	past	a message			vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
4	save	infinitive	a message not said here	hundred soldiers		vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent soldier=Theme

Option 3

It is half true; pigeons fought in wars, but only with tiny swords tied on

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 true	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 true	cop
3	half	half	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Frac	4 true	advmod
4	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 fought	punct
6	pigeons	pigeon	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 fought	nsubj
7	fought	fight	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 true	conj
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 wars	case
9	wars	war	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 fought	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 swords	punct
11	but	but	CCONJ	_	15 swords	cc
12	only	only	ADV	_	15 swords	advmod
13	with	with	ADP	_	15 swords	case
14	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 swords	amod
15	swords	sword	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 true	parataxis
16	tied	tie	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	15 swords	acl
17	on	on	ADP	_	16 tied	compound:prt

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is	present	It			half, true property	tree rules
2	fight	past	pigeons		wars		vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	tie on	participle		tiny swords not said here			vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

It is made up, because only dogs ever carried messages in wars

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 made	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 made	aux:pass
3	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	up	up	ADP	_	3 made	compound:prt
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 carried	punct
6	because	because	SCONJ	_	10 carried	mark
7	only	only	ADV	_	8 dogs	advmod
8	dogs	dog	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 carried	nsubj
9	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	10 carried	advmod
10	carried	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 made	parataxis
11	messages	message	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 carried	obj
12	in	in	ADP	_	13 wars	case
13	wars	war	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 carried	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make up	present · passive		It					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Pivot
2	carry	past	dogs	messages		wars	ever		vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent message=Value in war=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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