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Test 11 · ★★ · Echolocation: how bats see with sound

Some moths have fluffy wing scales. How could that help them?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: moths, that · What happens: have, help · To what, where: fluffy wing scales, scales

This is test 11 · ★★ of lesson 229 «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Some moths have fluffy wing scales.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 moths	det
2	moths	moth	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 have	nsubj
3	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	fluffy	fluffy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 scales	amod
5	wing	wing	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 scales	compound
6	scales	scale	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 have	obj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 have	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	some moths	fluffy wing scales					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scale=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: How could that help them?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	How	how	ADV	PronType=Int	4 help	advmod
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 help	aux
3	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	4 help	nsubj
4	help	help	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 help	obj
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 help	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	help	could	that	scales = scale					vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The fluff soaks up sound, so the bat hears less echo

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fluff	det
2	fluff	fluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 soaks	nsubj
3	soaks	soak	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	up	up	ADP	_	3 soaks	compound:prt
5	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 soaks	obj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 hears	punct
7	so	so	ADV	_	10 hears	advmod
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 bat	det
9	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 hears	nsubj
10	hears	hear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 soaks	conj
11	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	12 echo	amod
12	echo	echo	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 hears	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	soak up	present	the fluff	sound					vn wipe_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent sound=Source
2	hear	present	the bat	less echo					vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer echo=Stimulus

Option 2

The fluff makes them fly much faster

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fluff	det
2	fluff	fluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 makes	nsubj
3	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 makes	obj
5	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 makes	xcomp
6	much	much	ADV	_	7 faster	advmod
7	faster	fast	ADV	Degree=Cmp	5 fly	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	the fluff	them = they					tree rules
2	fly	infinitive	them = they not said here					fast property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

The fluff tickles the bat's nose so that it sneezes and lets go

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fluff	det
2	fluff	fluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 tickles	nsubj
3	tickles	tickle	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 bat	det
5	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 nose	nmod:poss
6	's	's	PART	_	5 bat	case
7	nose	nose	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 tickles	obj
8	so	so	SCONJ	ExtPos=SCONJ	11 sneezes	mark
9	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 so	fixed
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 sneezes	nsubj
11	sneezes	sneeze	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 tickles	advcl
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 lets	cc
13	lets	let	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 tickles	conj
14	go	go	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	13 lets	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tickle	present	the fluff	the bat's nose					vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nose=Experiencer
2	sneeze	present	fluff						vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	let	present	the fluff not said here						tree rules
4	go	infinitive	the fluff not said here						vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

The fluff makes them glow

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fluff	det
2	fluff	fluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 makes	nsubj
3	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 makes	obj
5	glow	glow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 makes	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	the fluff	them = they					tree rules
2	glow	infinitive	them = they not said here						vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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