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Test 8 · Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the pl…

A cobra spreads its hood and hisses at a dog. Why warn instead of biting at once?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: cobra, you · What happens: spread, hiss, warn, bite · To what, where: hood

This is test 8 of lesson 246 «Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the platypus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A cobra spreads its hood and hisses at a dog.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 cobra	det
2	cobra	cobra	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 spreads	nsubj
3	spreads	spread	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 hood	nmod:poss
5	hood	hood	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 spreads	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 hisses	cc
7	hisses	hiss	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 spreads	conj
8	at	at	ADP	_	10 dog	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 dog	det
10	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 hisses	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 spreads	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spread	present	a cobra	cobra's hood					vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location hood=Theme
2	hiss	present	a cobra not said here					at a dog	vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at dog=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Why warn instead of biting at once?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	2 warn	advmod
2	warn	warn	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	instead	instead	ADV	ExtPos=SCONJ	5 biting	mark
4	of	of	ADP	_	3 instead	fixed
5	biting	bite	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 warn	advcl
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 once	case
7	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	5 biting	obl
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 warn	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	warn speech: warn	imperative	you not said here						vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent
2	bite	gerund	you not said here						vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent at once=Patient

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A fight is risky and venom is costly to make

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 fight	det
2	fight	fight	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 risky	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 risky	cop
4	risky	risky	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 costly	cc
6	venom	venom	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 costly	nsubj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 costly	cop
8	costly	costly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 risky	conj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 make	mark
10	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 costly	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	a fight					risky property	tree rules
2	is	present	venom					costly property	tree rules
3	make	to-infinitive	venom not said here						vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Option 2

It is asking the dog to play a game of chase

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 asking	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 asking	aux
3	asking	ask	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 dog	det
5	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 asking	obj
6	to	to	PART	_	7 play	mark
7	play	play	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 asking	xcomp
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 game	det
9	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 play	obj
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 chase	case
11	chase	chase	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 game	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ask speech: ask	present · progressive	It		the dog				vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S_INF»: agent=Agent dog=Recipient clause=Topic
2	play not said to happen	to-infinitive		a game of chase					vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent game=Theme

Option 3

Cobras have no venom at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cobras	cobra	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 venom	det
4	venom	venom	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 have	obj
5	at	at	ADP	_	6 all	case
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 venom	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Cobras	no venom		all			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent venom=Patient

Option 4

It wants the dog to follow it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 wants	nsubj
2	wants	want	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 dog	det
4	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 wants	obj
5	to	to	PART	_	6 follow	mark
6	follow	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 wants	xcomp
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 follow	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	want	present	It	the dog					tree rules
2	follow not said to happen	to-infinitive	the dog not said here	dog					vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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