Exam question 2 · Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics

Identify the principal source from which wild poison dart frogs obtain their toxins.

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, wild dart frogs · What happens: identify, obtain · To what, where: principal source, toxins

This is exam question 2 of lesson 247 «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 source	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 source	amod
4	source	source	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	from	from	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 obtain	obl
7	wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 frogs	amod
8	poison	poison	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 dart	compound
9	dart	dart	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 frogs	compound
10	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 obtain	nsubj
11	obtain	obtain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 source	acl:relcl
12	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	13 toxins	nmod:poss
13	toxins	toxin	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 obtain	obj
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal source					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent source=Theme
2	obtain	present	wild dart frogs	frogs's toxins		the principal source			vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent toxin=Theme from which=Source

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

The ants and mites which constitute their diet

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 ants	det
2	ants	ant	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 mites	cc
4	mites	mite	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 ants	conj
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 constitute	nsubj
6	constitute	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 ants	acl:relcl
7	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 diet	nmod:poss
8	diet	diet	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 constitute	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	the ants and mites	mites's diet					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme diet=Pivot

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

Their own production independent of diet

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 production	nmod:poss
2	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 production	amod
3	production	production	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 independent	nsubj
4	independent	independent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 diet	case
6	diet	diet	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 independent	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	produce		Their = they						nom production «act transitive»: poss=agent

Option 3

The water of the streams wherein they dwell

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 water	det
2	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 streams	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 streams	det
5	streams	stream	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 water	nmod
6	wherein	wherein	ADV	PronType=Int	8 dwell	advmod
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 dwell	nsubj
8	dwell	dwell	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 water	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	dwell	present	streams = stream					wherein property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

Contact with poisonous plants upon which they rest

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Contact	contact	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	with	with	ADP	_	4 plants	case
3	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 plants	amod
4	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Contact	nmod
5	upon	upon	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 rest	obl
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 rest	nsubj
8	rest	rest	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 plants	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	rest	present	plants = plant			poisonous plants			vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon which=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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