Exam question 3 · Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the hoverfly.

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, hoverfly

This is exam question 3 of lesson 247 «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 hoverfly	det
11	hoverfly	hoverfly	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the hoverfly		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus hoverfly=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It is equipped with a sting more potent than that of the wasp, and stings without warning

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 equipped	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 equipped	aux:pass
3	equipped	equip	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 sting	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 sting	det
6	sting	sting	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 equipped	obl
7	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	8 potent	advmod
8	potent	potent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 equipped	advcl
9	than	than	ADP	_	10 that	case
10	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	8 potent	obl
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 wasp	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 wasp	det
13	wasp	wasp	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 that	nmod
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 stings	punct
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 stings	cc
16	stings	sting	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 equipped	obl
17	without	without	ADP	_	18 warning	case
18	warning	warning	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 equipped	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	equip	present · passive		It				with a sting; without warning; stings obl	vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP»: subject=Recipient with sting=Theme

Option 2

It is a juvenile form of the wasp

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 form	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 form	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 form	det
4	juvenile	juvenile	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 form	compound
5	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 wasp	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 wasp	det
8	wasp	wasp	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 form	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a juvenile form				of the wasp	tree rules

Option 3

It possesses four wings in the manner of the wasp

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 possesses	nsubj
2	possesses	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 wings	nummod
4	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possesses	obj
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 manner	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 manner	det
7	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 possesses	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 wasp	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 wasp	det
10	wasp	wasp	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 manner	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	possess	present	It	four wings		the manner of the wasp			vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot wing=Theme

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It is harmless, its resemblance to the wasp constituting an instance of mimicry

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 harmless	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 harmless	cop
3	harmless	harmless	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 resemblance	punct
5	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 resemblance	nmod:poss
6	resemblance	resemblance	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 harmless	conj
7	to	to	ADP	_	9 wasp	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 wasp	det
9	wasp	wasp	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 resemblance	nmod
10	constituting	constitute	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 wasp	acl
11	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 instance	det
12	instance	instance	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 constituting	obj
13	of	of	ADP	_	14 mimicry	case
14	mimicry	mimicry	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 instance	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	present	It		harmless property	tree rules
2	constitute	gerund	the wasp not said here	a instance of mimicry		vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme instance=Pivot
3	instance			mimicry		nom instance «event transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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