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Exam question 4 · Horses, zebras and donkeys

It is given that the photographs of Eadweard Muybridge were published in 1878. Ascertain what they first demonstrated.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, photographs · What happens: give, publish, ascertain, demonstrate · To what, where: It, photographs, 1878

This is exam question 4 of lesson 25 «Horses, zebras and donkeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is given that the photographs of Eadweard Muybridge were published in 1878.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	11 published	mark
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 photographs	det
6	photographs	photograph	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 published	nsubj:pass
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 Eadweard	case
8	Eadweard	Eadweard	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 photographs	nmod
9	Muybridge	Muybridge	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 Eadweard	flat
10	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 published	aux:pass
11	published	publish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 given	advcl
12	in	in	ADP	_	13 1878	case
13	1878	1878	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	11 published	obl
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 given	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	present · passive		It					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	publish	past · passive		the photographs of Eadweard		1878			vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Result

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Ascertain what they first demonstrated.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	1 Ascertain	obj
3	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 demonstrated	nsubj
4	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	5 demonstrated	advmod
5	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 what	acl:relcl
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here						vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic
2	demonstrate	past	photographs = photograph					first property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

That a horse sees almost all the way round

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	3 horse	det
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 horse	det
3	horse	horse	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 sees	nsubj
4	sees	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	almost	almost	ADV	_	6 all	advmod
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 way	det:predet
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 way	det
8	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 sees	obl
9	round	round	ADV	_	8 way	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	see	present	that horse	all way					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

Option 2

That horses sleep while standing

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	2 horses	det
2	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 sleep	nsubj
3	sleep	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	while	while	SCONJ	_	5 standing	mark
5	standing	stand	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 sleep	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	that horses						vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	stand	gerund	that horses not said here						vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

That a galloping horse has all four feet off the ground at one moment

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	2 a	reparandum
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 horse	det
3	galloping	gallop	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 horse	amod
4	horse	horse	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 has	nsubj
5	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	all	all	ADV	_	7 four	advmod
7	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 feet	nummod
8	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 has	obj
9	off	off	ADP	_	11 ground	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 ground	det
11	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 has	obl
12	at	at	ADP	_	14 moment	case
13	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	14 moment	nummod
14	moment	moment	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 has	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	gallop	gerund							vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	have	present	a galloping horse	four feet			moment	off the ground	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent foot=Patient

Option 4

That zebras cannot be tamed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	That	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	2 zebras	det
2	zebras	zebra	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 tamed	nsubj:pass
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 tamed	aux
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	6 tamed	advmod
5	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 tamed	aux:pass
6	tamed	tame	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not tame	can · passive		that zebras					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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