Exam question 2 · Tyrannosaurus rex: what we really know, from teeth and dun…

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the speed of an adult Tyrannosaurus rex.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, speed

This is exam question 2 of lesson 265 «Tyrannosaurus rex: what we really know, from teeth and dung to tiny arms» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 speed	det
11	speed	speed	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	16 rex	case
13	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 rex	det
14	adult	adult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 rex	amod
15	Tyrannosaurus	Tyrannosaurus	PROPN	Number=Sing	16 rex	compound
16	rex	rex	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 speed	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the speed of a adult Tyrannosaurus rex		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus speed=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It is understood to have been incapable of true rapid running on account of its great mass

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 understood	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 understood	aux:pass
3	understood	understand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	7 incapable	mark
5	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	7 incapable	aux
6	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	7 incapable	cop
7	incapable	incapable	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 understood	xcomp
8	of	of	ADP	_	13 account	case
9	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 account	amod
10	rapid	rapid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 account	amod
11	running	run	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	13 account	amod
12	on	on	ADP	_	13 account	case
13	account	account	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 incapable	nmod
14	of	of	ADP	_	17 mass	case
15	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	17 mass	nmod:poss
16	great	great	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 mass	amod
17	mass	mass	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 account	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	understand	present · passive	It		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus
2	is a	to-infinitive · perfect	incapable	of true rapid running account of account's great mass	tree rules
3	run	gerund			vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	account		account's great mass		nom account «communication transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

It is understood to have been entirely immobile

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 understood	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 understood	aux:pass
3	understood	understand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	8 immobile	mark
5	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	8 immobile	aux
6	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	8 immobile	cop
7	entirely	entirely	ADV	_	8 immobile	advmod
8	immobile	immobile	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 understood	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	understand	present · passive		It					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus
2	is	to-infinitive · perfect						entirely, immobile property	tree rules

Option 3

It is understood to have been the swiftest of all dinosaurs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 understood	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 understood	aux:pass
3	understood	understand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 swiftest	amod
4	to	to	PART	_	8 swiftest	mark
5	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	8 swiftest	aux
6	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	8 swiftest	cop
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 swiftest	det
8	swiftest	swift	ADJ	Degree=Sup	root	root
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 dinosaurs	case
10	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	11 dinosaurs	det
11	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 swiftest	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	understand	present · passive		It					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus
2	is	to-infinitive · perfect						of all dinosaurs; swift property	tree rules

Option 4

It is understood to have exceeded the speed of a motor vehicle travelling upon a modern road

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 understood	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 understood	aux:pass
3	understood	understand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	6 exceeded	mark
5	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 exceeded	aux
6	exceeded	exceed	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	3 understood	advcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 speed	det
8	speed	speed	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 exceeded	obj
9	of	of	ADP	_	12 vehicle	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 vehicle	det
11	motor	motor	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 vehicle	compound
12	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 speed	nmod
13	travelling	travel	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	12 vehicle	acl
14	upon	upon	ADP	_	17 road	case
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 road	det
16	modern	modern	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 road	amod
17	road	road	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 travelling	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	understand	present · passive		It		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus
2	exceed	to-infinitive · perfect		the speed of a motor vehicle		vn exceed-90 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot speed=Theme
3	travel	gerund	a motor vehicle not said here		a modern road	vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon road=Trajectory

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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