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Test 6 · Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig…

In a cartoon, a dog digs in the garden and finds a whole shiny dinosaur skeleton in one afternoon. What is closer to the truth?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: dog · What happens: dig, find, be · To what, where: cartoon, whole shiny dinosaur skeleton

This is test 6 of lesson 275 «Fossils: how a living thing turns to stone and how we dig it up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In a cartoon, a dog digs in the garden and finds a whole shiny dinosaur skeleton in one afternoon.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 cartoon	case
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 cartoon	det
3	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 digs	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 cartoon	punct
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 dog	det
6	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 digs	nsubj
7	digs	dig	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 garden	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 garden	det
10	garden	garden	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 digs	obl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 finds	cc
12	finds	find	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 digs	conj
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 skeleton	det
14	whole	whole	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 skeleton	amod
15	shiny	shiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 skeleton	amod
16	dinosaur	dinosaur	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 skeleton	compound
17	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 finds	obj
18	in	in	ADP	_	20 afternoon	case
19	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	20 afternoon	nummod
20	afternoon	afternoon	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 finds	obl
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 digs	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	dig	present	a dog			a cartoon		in the garden	vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent in cartoon=Location
2	find	present	a dog not said here	a whole shiny dinosaur skeleton			afternoon		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skeleton=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is closer to the truth?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 closer	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 closer	cop
3	closer	close	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
4	to	to	ADP	_	6 truth	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 truth	det
6	truth	truth	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 closer	obl
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 closer	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						to the truth; close property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Any dog can smell fossil bones under rock

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	2 dog	det
2	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 smell	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 smell	aux
4	smell	smell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	fossil	fossil	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 bones	compound
6	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 smell	obj
7	under	under	ADP	_	8 rock	case
8	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 smell	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	smell	can	any dog	fossil bones		rock			vn stalk-35.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent bone=Theme under rock=Location

Option 2

Real dinosaurs are buried in gardens just under the grass

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 dinosaurs	amod
2	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 buried	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 buried	aux:pass
4	buried	bury	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 gardens	case
6	gardens	garden	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 buried	obl
7	just	just	ADV	_	10 grass	advmod
8	under	under	ADP	_	10 grass	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 grass	det
10	grass	grass	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 buried	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bury	present · passive		Real dinosaurs		gardens		under the grass	vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in garden=Destination

Option 3

Real fossil bones are always white and shiny

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 bones	amod
2	fossil	fossil	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 bones	compound
3	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 white	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 white	cop
5	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	6 white	advmod
6	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 shiny	cc
8	shiny	shiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 white	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Real fossil bones					always, white property	tree rules
2	be		Real fossil bones not said here						tree rules

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Real fossils are usually broken and stuck in rock, and digging one out takes months or years

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 fossils	amod
2	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 broken	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 broken	aux:pass
4	usually	usually	ADV	_	5 broken	advmod
5	broken	break	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 stuck	cc
7	stuck	stuck	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 broken	conj
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 rock	case
9	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 stuck	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 takes	punct
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 takes	cc
12	digging	dig	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	15 takes	csubj
13	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	12 digging	obj
14	out	out	ADP	_	12 digging	compound:prt
15	takes	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 broken	conj
16	months	month	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 takes	obj
17	or	or	CCONJ	_	18 years	cc
18	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 months	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	break	present · passive		Real fossils				usually property	vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	dig out	gerund		one					vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent one=Theme
3	take	present	digging				month		vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/275-fossils-how-a-living-thing-turns-to-stone-and-how-we-dig-it-up/t6/