Exam question 3 · The rainforest from below: understorey and forest floor

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the toxicity of poison dart frogs.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, toxicity

This is exam question 3 of lesson 3 «The rainforest from below: understorey and forest floor» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 toxicity	det
11	toxicity	toxicity	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	15 frogs	case
13	poison	poison	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 dart	compound
14	dart	dart	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 frogs	compound
15	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 toxicity	nmod
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the toxicity of dart frogs		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus toxicity=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The toxins are derived principally from ants and mites consumed in the wild, wherefore captive-reared specimens are not toxic

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 toxins	det
2	toxins	toxin	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 derived	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 derived	aux:pass
4	derived	derive	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	principally	principally	ADV	_	4 derived	advmod
6	from	from	ADP	_	7 ants	case
7	ants	ant	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 derived	obl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 mites	cc
9	mites	mite	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 ants	conj
10	consumed	consume	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 ants	acl
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 wild	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 wild	det
13	wild	wild	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 consumed	obl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 toxic	punct
15	wherefore	wherefore	ADV	PronType=Int	22 toxic	advmod
16	captive	captive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 reared	compound
17	-	-	PUNCT	_	16 captive	punct
18	reared	rear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	19 specimens	amod
19	specimens	specimen	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 toxic	nsubj
20	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 toxic	cop
21	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	22 toxic	advmod
22	toxic	toxic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 derived	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	derive	present · passive		the toxins	ants and mites	principally property	vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: subject=Result from ant=Material
2	consume	participle		ants and mites not said here	the wild		vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	rear	participle					vn rear-26.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
4	not is	present	reared specimens			toxic, wherefore property	tree rules

Option 2

All specimens are equally toxic irrespective of their diet, whether reared in the wild or maintained in captivity by keepers

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	All	all	DET	PronType=Tot	2 specimens	det
2	specimens	specimen	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 toxic	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 toxic	cop
4	equally	equally	ADV	_	5 toxic	advmod
5	toxic	toxic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	irrespective	irrespective	ADV	_	9 diet	advmod
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 diet	case
8	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 diet	nmod:poss
9	diet	diet	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 toxic	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 reared	punct
11	whether	whether	SCONJ	_	12 reared	mark
12	reared	rear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 toxic	conj
13	in	in	ADP	_	15 wild	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 wild	det
15	wild	wild	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 reared	obl
16	or	or	CCONJ	_	17 maintained	cc
17	maintained	maintain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 reared	conj
18	in	in	ADP	_	19 captivity	case
19	captivity	captivity	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 maintained	obl
20	by	by	ADP	_	21 keepers	case
21	keepers	keeper	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 maintained	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	other	roles by
1	is	present	all specimens		of specimens's diet; equally, toxic property	tree rules
2	rear	participle	all specimens not said here	the wild		vn rear-26.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	maintain	participle	all specimens not said here	captivity	by keepers	vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent

Option 3

No species of poison dart frog possesses any toxin

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	2 species	det
2	species	species	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 possesses	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	6 frog	case
4	poison	poison	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 frog	compound
5	dart	dart	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 frog	compound
6	frog	frog	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 species	nmod
7	possesses	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	9 toxin	det
9	toxin	toxin	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 possesses	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	possess	present	no species of poison dart frog	any toxin					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot toxin=Theme

Option 4

The toxins are manufactured entirely from sunlight

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 toxins	det
2	toxins	toxin	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 manufactured	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 manufactured	aux:pass
4	manufactured	manufacture	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	entirely	entirely	ADV	_	4 manufactured	advmod
6	from	from	ADP	_	7 sunlight	case
7	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 manufactured	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	manufacture	present · passive		the toxins		sunlight		entirely property	vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: subject=Result from sunlight=Material

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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