Exam question 4 · Beetles: the biggest group of animals on Earth, wing cases…

Ascertain the principal distinction between beetles and the insects that scientists term true bugs.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, that · What happens: ascertain, bug · To what, where: principal distinction

This is exam question 4 of lesson 306 «Beetles: the biggest group of animals on Earth, wing cases and six legs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 distinction	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 distinction	amod
4	distinction	distinction	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ascertain	obj
5	between	between	ADP	_	6 beetles	case
6	beetles	beetle	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 distinction	nmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 insects	cc
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 insects	det
9	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 beetles	conj
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	14 bugs	nsubj
11	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 term	compound
12	term	term	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 bugs	compound
13	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 bugs	amod
14	bugs	bug	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 beetles	conj
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here	the principal distinction				between beetles and the insects and term true bugs	vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent distinction=Topic
2	bug		that						tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Beetles inhabit only water, whereas true bugs inhabit only land

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Beetles	beetle	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 inhabit	nsubj
2	inhabit	inhabit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	only	only	ADV	_	4 water	advmod
4	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 inhabit	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 inhabit	punct
6	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	9 inhabit	mark
7	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 bugs	amod
8	bugs	bug	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 inhabit	nsubj
9	inhabit	inhabit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 inhabit	conj
10	only	only	ADV	_	11 land	advmod
11	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 inhabit	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	inhabit	present	Beetles	water					tree rules
2	inhabit	present	true bugs	land					tree rules

Option 2

Beetles possess eight legs, whereas true bugs possess six

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Beetles	beetle	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possess	nsubj
2	possess	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	eight	eight	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 legs	nummod
4	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possess	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 possess	punct
6	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	9 possess	mark
7	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 bugs	amod
8	bugs	bug	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 possess	nsubj
9	possess	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 possess	conj
10	six	six	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 possess	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	possess	present	Beetles	eight legs					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot leg=Theme
2	possess	present	true bugs	six					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot six=Theme

Option 3

Beetles lack wings, whereas true bugs possess four

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Beetles	beetle	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 lack	nsubj
2	lack	lack	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 lack	obj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 possess	punct
5	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	8 possess	mark
6	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 bugs	amod
7	bugs	bug	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 possess	nsubj
8	possess	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 lack	conj
9	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 possess	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lack	present	Beetles	wings					tree rules
2	possess	present	true bugs	four					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot four=Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Beetles possess biting jaws, whereas true bugs possess a sucking, straw-like mouth

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Beetles	beetle	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possess	nsubj
2	possess	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	biting	bite	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 jaws	amod
4	jaws	jaw	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 possess	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 possess	punct
6	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	9 possess	mark
7	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 bugs	amod
8	bugs	bug	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 possess	nsubj
9	possess	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 possess	conj
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 mouth	det
11	sucking	suck	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	16 mouth	amod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 mouth	punct
13	straw	straw	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 like	compound
14	-	-	PUNCT	_	13 straw	punct
15	like	like	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 mouth	amod
16	mouth	mouth	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 possess	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	possess	present	Beetles	biting jaws	vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot jaw=Theme
2	bite	gerund			vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
3	possess	present	true bugs	a sucking like mouth	vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot mouth=Theme
4	suck	gerund			vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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