Test 10 · Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs…

«can a frog really fly?? mate says so» What is the truth?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: mate · What happens: fly, say, be · To what, where: frog, truth · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 10 of lesson 308 «Frogs of the world: tree frogs, glass frogs, flying frogs and the goliath frog» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	6 fly	punct
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 fly	aux
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 frog	det
4	frog	frog	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 fly	obl:unmarked
5	really	really	ADV	_	6 fly	advmod
6	fly	fly	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 says	ccomp
7	??	??	PUNCT	_	6 fly	punct
8	mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 says	nsubj
9	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	so	so	ADV	_	15 truth	advmod
11	»	»	PUNCT	_	10 so	punct
12	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	15 truth	nsubj
13	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 truth	cop
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 truth	det
15	truth	truth	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 says	ccomp
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	9 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	fly in a quote	can		a frog	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	say speech: assert in a quote	present	mate		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	is a	present		the truth	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Yes, some frogs have wings like birds

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	5 have	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	4 frogs	det
4	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 have	nsubj
5	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 have	obj
7	like	like	ADP	_	8 birds	case
8	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 wings	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	some frogs	wings				like birds	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient

Option 2

No frog can move through the air at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	2 frog	det
2	frog	frog	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 move	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 move	aux
4	move	move	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	through	through	ADP	_	7 air	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 air	det
7	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 move	obl
8	at	at	ADP	_	9 all	case
9	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 move	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	move	can	no frog			the air		at all	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V PP.source PP.trajectory PP.destination»: agent=Theme through air=Source at all=Trajectory

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Some frogs, like Wallace's flying frog, glide on webbed feet, but none truly fly

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 frogs	det
2	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 glide	nsubj
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 frog	punct
4	like	like	ADP	_	8 frog	case
5	Wallace	Wallace	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 frog	nmod:poss
6	's	's	PART	_	5 Wallace	case
7	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 frog	amod
8	frog	frog	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 frogs	conj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 frogs	punct
10	glide	glide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
11	on	on	ADP	_	13 feet	case
12	webbed	web	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 feet	amod
13	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 glide	obl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 fly	punct
15	but	but	CCONJ	_	18 fly	cc
16	none	none	PRON	PronType=Neg	18 fly	nsubj
17	truly	truly	ADV	_	18 fly	advmod
18	fly	fly	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 glide	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	other	roles by
1	fly	gerund				vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	glide	present	some frogs and Wallace's flying frog	webbed feet		vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on foot=Trajectory
3	web	participle				tree rules
4	fly	present	none		truly property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

Yes, they fly as high as eagles

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	6 high	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 high	nsubj
4	fly	fly	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 high	cop
5	as	as	ADV	_	6 high	advmod
6	high	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	as	as	ADP	_	8 eagles	case
8	eagles	eagle	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 high	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	they					as eagles; high property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/308-frogs-of-the-world-tree-frogs-glass-frogs-flying-frogs-and-the-goliath-frog/t10/