Exam question 1 · Sharks by kind, small and strange: walking sharks, wobbego…

Identify the principal means by which the epaulette shark proceeds between rock pools at low tide.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, principal, epaulette shark · What happens: identify, mean, proceed

This is exam question 1 of lesson 311 «Sharks by kind, small and strange: walking sharks, wobbegongs, cookiecutters and goblin sharks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 principal	det
3	principal	principal	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 means	nsubj
4	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Identify	ccomp
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 proceeds	obl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 shark	det
8	epaulette	epaulette	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 shark	compound
9	shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 proceeds	nsubj
10	proceeds	proceed	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 means	parataxis
11	between	between	ADP	_	13 pools	case
12	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 pools	compound
13	pools	pool	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 proceeds	obl
14	at	at	ADP	_	16 tide	case
15	low	low	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 tide	amod
16	tide	tide	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 pools	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	mean	present	the principal		vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
3	proceed	present	the epaulette shark	between rock pools at low tide	vn begin-55.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

By ambulation upon its paired pectoral and pelvic fins

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	2 ambulation	case
2	ambulation	ambulation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	upon	upon	ADP	_	6 pectoral	case
4	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 pectoral	nmod:poss
5	paired	pair	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 pectoral	amod
6	pectoral	pectoral	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 ambulation	nmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 fins	cc
8	pelvic	pelvic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 fins	amod
9	fins	fin	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 pectoral	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pair	participle							vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient

Option 2

By rolling its body along the substrate

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	SCONJ	_	2 rolling	mark
2	rolling	roll	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
3	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 body	nmod:poss
4	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 rolling	obj
5	along	along	ADP	_	7 substrate	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 substrate	det
7	substrate	substrate	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 rolling	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	roll	gerund		its body		the substrate			vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent body=Theme along substrate=Trajectory

Option 3

By leaping from the water by means of its tail

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	SCONJ	_	2 leaping	mark
2	leaping	leap	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 means	advcl
3	from	from	ADP	_	5 water	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 water	det
5	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 leaping	obl
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 means	case
7	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 tail	case
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 tail	nmod:poss
10	tail	tail	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 means	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	leap	gerund				the water			vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from water=Trajectory
2	mean	present						of water's tail	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent

Option 4

By remaining stationary until the tide returns

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	SCONJ	_	2 remaining	mark
2	remaining	remain	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
3	stationary	stationary	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 remaining	obj
4	until	until	SCONJ	_	7 returns	mark
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 tide	det
6	tide	tide	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 returns	nsubj
7	returns	return	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 remaining	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	remain	gerund		stationary					vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme stationary=Attribute
2	return	present	the tide						vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/311-sharks-by-kind-small-and-strange-walking-sharks-wobbegongs-cookiecutters-and-goblin-sharks/e1/