Exam question 4 · Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumbleb…

Ascertain the reason for which a bat expends little effort when hanging inverted.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, bat · What happens: ascertain, expend, invert · To what, where: reason, little effort

This is exam question 4 of lesson 314 «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 reason	det
3	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ascertain	obj
4	for	for	ADP	_	5 which	case
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 expends	obl
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 bat	det
7	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 expends	nsubj
8	expends	expend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 reason	acl
9	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 effort	amod
10	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 expends	obj
11	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	13 inverted	advmod
12	hanging	hang	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	13 inverted	aux:pass
13	inverted	invert	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 expends	advcl
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here	the reason		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reason=Topic
2	expend	present	a bat	little effort	for the reason	tree rules
3	invert	gerund · passive	a bat not said here			vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Tendons lock the toes in a closed position without muscular effort

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Tendons	tendon	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 lock	nsubj
2	lock	lock	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 toes	det
4	toes	toe	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 lock	obj
5	in	in	ADP	_	8 position	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 position	det
7	closed	close	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 position	amod
8	position	position	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 lock	obl
9	without	without	ADP	_	11 effort	case
10	muscular	muscular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 effort	amod
11	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 lock	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lock	present	Tendons	the toes		a closed position		without muscular effort	vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toe=Patient
2	close	participle							vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 2

The bat grips continuously with its teeth

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 bat	det
2	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 grips	nsubj
3	grips	grip	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	continuously	continuously	ADV	_	3 grips	advmod
5	with	with	ADP	_	7 teeth	case
6	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 teeth	nmod:poss
7	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 grips	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grip	present	the bat					with bat's teeth; continuously property	vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with tooth=Instrument

Option 3

The bat's weight is supported by its folded wings

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 bat	det
2	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 weight	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 bat	case
4	weight	weight	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 supported	nsubj:pass
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 supported	aux:pass
6	supported	support	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	by	by	ADP	_	10 wings	case
8	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 wings	nmod:poss
9	folded	fold	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 wings	amod
10	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 supported	obl:agent

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	support	present · passive	weight's folded wings	the bat's weight					vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer subject=Stimulus
2	fold	participle							vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4

The bat adheres to surfaces by means of a sticky secretion

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 bat	det
2	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 adheres	nsubj
3	adheres	adhere	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	to	to	ADP	_	5 surfaces	case
5	surfaces	surface	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 adheres	obl
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 means	case
7	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 adheres	parataxis
8	of	of	ADP	_	11 secretion	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 secretion	det
10	sticky	sticky	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 secretion	amod
11	secretion	secretion	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 means	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	adhere	present	the bat					to surfaces	vn cling-22.5 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to surface=Co-Theme
2	mean	present						of a sticky secretion	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/e4/