Exam question 3 · Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumbleb…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises Kitti's hog-nosed bat?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, nose · To what, where: nosed bat

This is exam question 3 of lesson 314 «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	Kitti	Kitti	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 bat	nmod:poss
10	's	's	PART	_	9 Kitti	case
11	hog	hog	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 nosed	compound
12	-	-	PUNCT	_	11 hog	punct
13	nosed	nose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	14 bat	amod
14	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	Kitti's nosed bat	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	nose	participle			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It weighs approximately two kilograms and ranks among the largest of bats

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 weighs	nsubj
2	weighs	weigh	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	approximately	approximately	ADV	_	4 two	advmod
4	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 kilograms	nummod
5	kilograms	kilogram	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 weighs	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 ranks	cc
7	ranks	rank	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 kilograms	conj
8	among	among	ADP	_	10 largest	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 largest	det
10	largest	large	ADJ	Degree=Sup	2 weighs	conj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 bats	case
12	bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 largest	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	weigh	present	It	two kilograms and ranks					vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme kilogram=Value

Option 2

It is a fruit bat with wings exceeding one metre in span

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 bat	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 bat	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 bat	det
4	fruit	fruit	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bat	compound
5	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 wings	case
7	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 bat	nmod
8	exceeding	exceed	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 wings	acl
9	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	10 metre	nummod
10	metre	metre	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 exceeding	obj
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 span	case
12	span	span	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 exceeding	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a fruit bat				with wings	tree rules
2	exceed	gerund	wings not said here	one metre				in span	vn exceed-90 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot metre=Theme in span=Attribute

Option 3

It is a species of bird mistakenly classified as a bat

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 species	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 species	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 species	det
4	species	species	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 bird	case
6	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 species	nmod
7	mistakenly	mistakenly	ADV	_	8 classified	advmod
8	classified	classify	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 species	acl
9	as	as	ADP	_	11 bat	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 bat	det
11	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 classified	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a species				of bird	tree rules
2	classify	participle		a species not said here				as a bat; mistakenly property	vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent as bat=Attribute

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It weighs approximately two grams and ranks among the smallest of mammals

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 weighs	nsubj
2	weighs	weigh	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	approximately	approximately	ADV	_	4 two	advmod
4	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 grams	nummod
5	grams	gram	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 weighs	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 ranks	cc
7	ranks	rank	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 grams	conj
8	among	among	ADP	_	10 smallest	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 smallest	det
10	smallest	small	ADJ	Degree=Sup	2 weighs	obl
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 mammals	case
12	mammals	mammal	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 smallest	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	weigh	present	It	two grams and ranks				among the smallest of mammals	vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme gram=Value

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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