Test 5 · Birds: feathers, wings, eggs and flight

If birds had heavy jaws full of teeth like crocodiles, what problem would they have?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: birds, problem · What happens: have · To what, where: heavy jaws

This is test 5 of lesson 33 «Birds: feathers, wings, eggs and flight» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	If	if	SCONJ	_	3 had	mark
2	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 had	nsubj
3	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 jaws	amod
5	jaws	jaw	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 had	obj
6	full	full	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 jaws	amod
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 teeth	case
8	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 full	obl
9	like	like	ADP	_	10 crocodiles	case
10	crocodiles	crocodile	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 teeth	nmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 have	punct
12	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	16 have	obj
13	problem	problem	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 have	nsubj
14	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	16 have	aux
15	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	16 have	nsubj
16	have	have	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 jaws	conj
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 had	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	birds	heavy jaws					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent jaw=Patient
2	have	would	problem	heavy jaws					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

They would have to live underwater

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 have	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 have	aux
3	have	have	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	5 live	mark
5	live	live	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 have	xcomp
6	underwater	underwater	ADV	_	5 live	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	would	They						tree rules
2	live	to-infinitive	They not said here					underwater property	vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

They could not sing

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 sing	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 sing	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 sing	advmod
4	sing	sing	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not sing speech: express	could	They						vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

Nothing, teeth weigh nothing at all compared with the rest of the head

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	3 teeth	compound
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Nothing	punct
3	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 weigh	nsubj
4	weigh	weigh	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	4 weigh	obj
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 all	case
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	5 nothing	nmod
8	compared	compare	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 nothing	acl
9	with	with	ADP	_	11 rest	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 rest	det
11	rest	rest	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 compared	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 head	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 head	det
14	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 rest	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	weigh	present	Nothing teeth	nothing		all			vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.value»: agent=Agent nothing=Theme at all=Value
2	compare	participle						with the rest of the head	vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with rest=Co-Patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Their heads would be heavy, making flight harder

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 heads	nmod:poss
2	heads	head	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 heavy	nsubj
3	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 heavy	aux
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 heavy	cop
5	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 making	punct
7	making	make	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 heavy	advcl
8	flight	flight	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 making	obj
9	harder	hard	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	7 making	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	would	Their heads					heavy property	tree rules
2	make	gerund	Their heads not said here	flight				hard property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset flight=Product

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/33-birds-feathers-wings-eggs-and-flight/t5/