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Test 9 · Birds: feathers, wings, eggs and flight

In a game, birds have solid heavy bones to make them tough. Why would real flying birds be worse off?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: birds, real flying birds · What happens: have, make, fly, be · To what, where: solid heavy bones, game, bones

This is test 9 of lesson 33 «Birds: feathers, wings, eggs and flight» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In a game, birds have solid heavy bones to make them tough.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 game	case
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 game	det
3	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 have	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 game	punct
5	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 have	nsubj
6	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	solid	solid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 bones	amod
8	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 bones	amod
9	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 have	obj
10	to	to	PART	_	11 make	mark
11	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 have	advcl
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 make	obj
13	tough	tough	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 make	xcomp
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 have	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	birds	solid heavy bones		a game			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient
2	make	to-infinitive	birds not said here	bones = bone				tough property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Why would real flying birds be worse off?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	3 real	advmod
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 real	aux
3	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 birds	amod
4	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 birds	amod
5	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 worse	nsubj
6	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	7 worse	cop
7	worse	bad	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
8	off	off	ADP	_	7 worse	compound:prt
9	?	?	PUNCT	_	7 worse	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fly	gerund							vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is	infinitive	real flying birds					bad property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

They would not be able to see

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 able	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 able	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 able	advmod
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 able	cop
5	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	7 see	mark
7	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 able	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not is	would	They					able property	tree rules
2	see	to-infinitive	They not said here						vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

Option 2

Birds would grow too tall

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 grow	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 grow	aux
3	grow	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	too	too	ADV	_	5 tall	advmod
5	tall	tall	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 grow	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	would	Birds					tall property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

Solid bones would break much more easily in the air

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Solid	solid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 bones	amod
2	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 break	nsubj
3	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 break	aux
4	break	break	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	much	much	ADV	_	6 more	advmod
6	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	7 easily	advmod
7	easily	easily	ADV	_	4 break	advmod
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 air	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 air	det
10	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 break	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	break	would	Solid bones			the air		easily property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in air=Location

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Heavy bones would make flying cost far more energy

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 bones	amod
2	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 make	nsubj
3	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 make	aux
4	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 cost	aux:pass
6	cost	cost	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 make	xcomp
7	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	8 more	advmod
8	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	9 energy	amod
9	energy	energy	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 make	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	would	Heavy bones	more energy					tree rules
2	cost	gerund · passive	more energy not said here						vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/33-birds-feathers-wings-eggs-and-flight/t9/