Exam question 1 · The garden in summer: flowers, aphids, ladybirds and flyin…

Identify the principal reason for which the population of aphids upon a plant may increase greatly within a few days during the summer.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, population · What happens: identify, increase · To what, where: principal reason

This is exam question 1 of lesson 334 «The garden in summer: flowers, aphids, ladybirds and flying ant day» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	15 increase	obl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 population	det
8	population	population	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 increase	nsubj
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 aphids	case
10	aphids	aphid	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 population	nmod
11	upon	upon	ADP	_	13 plant	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 plant	det
13	plant	plant	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 aphids	nmod
14	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	15 increase	aux
15	increase	increase	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 reason	parataxis
16	greatly	greatly	ADV	_	15 increase	advmod
17	within	within	ADP	_	20 days	case
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 days	det
19	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 days	amod
20	days	day	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 increase	obl
21	during	during	ADP	_	23 summer	case
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 summer	det
23	summer	summer	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 increase	obl
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	increase	may	the population of aphids upon a plant				day; summer	for the principal reason; greatly property	vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Each aphid deposits several million eggs upon a single occasion

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	2 aphid	det
2	aphid	aphid	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 deposits	nsubj
3	deposits	deposit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	several	several	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 million	amod
5	million	million	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 eggs	nummod
6	eggs	egg	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 deposits	obj
7	upon	upon	ADP	_	10 occasion	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 occasion	det
9	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 occasion	amod
10	occasion	occasion	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 deposits	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	deposit	present	each aphid	million eggs		a single occasion			vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent egg=Theme upon occasion=Destination

Option 2

Aphids divide into two separate individuals at intervals of one minute

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Aphids	aphid	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 divide	nsubj
2	divide	divide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	into	into	ADP	_	6 individuals	case
4	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 individuals	nummod
5	separate	separate	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 individuals	amod
6	individuals	individual	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 divide	obl
7	at	at	ADP	_	8 intervals	case
8	intervals	interval	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 divide	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 minute	case
10	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	11 minute	nummod
11	minute	minute	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 intervals	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	divide	present	Aphids			two separate individuals		at intervals of one minute	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Female aphids produce live young without the participation of a father, each young already bearing young of its own

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Female	female	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 aphids	amod
2	aphids	aphid	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 produce	nsubj
3	produce	produce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	live	live	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 produce	xcomp
5	young	young	ADV	_	3 produce	advmod
6	without	without	ADP	_	8 participation	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 participation	det
8	participation	participation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 produce	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 father	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 father	det
11	father	father	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 participation	nmod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 young	punct
13	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	17 young	det
14	young	young	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 young	amod
15	already	already	ADV	_	16 bearing	advmod
16	bearing	bear	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	17 young	amod
17	young	young	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 participation	conj
18	of	of	ADP	_	20 own	case
19	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	20 own	nmod:poss
20	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 young	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	produce	present	Female aphids	without the participation of a father and each young bearing young of its own; live, young property	vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	bear	gerund			vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer
3	participate		a father		nom participation «act intransitive»: of=agent

Option 4

Aphids migrate to the plant in great numbers from distant regions each night

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Aphids	aphid	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 migrate	nsubj
2	migrate	migrate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	ADP	_	5 plant	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 plant	det
5	plant	plant	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 migrate	obl
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 numbers	case
7	great	great	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 numbers	amod
8	numbers	number	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 migrate	obl
9	from	from	ADP	_	11 regions	case
10	distant	distant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 regions	amod
11	regions	region	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 numbers	nmod
12	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	13 night	det
13	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 migrate	obl:unmarked

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	migrate	present	Aphids			great numbers from distant regions	night	to the plant	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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